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physics A2 > A2 definitions > Flashcards

A2 definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Gravitational potential at a point

A
  • Work done per unit mass
  • Work done in moving unit of mass from infinity to that
    point
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2
Q

Gravitational force

A

Force acting between 2 masses in a gravitational field

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3
Q

Newton’s Law of Gravitation

A

Gravitational force ∝ product of two point masses and 1/∝ the square of separation btw 2 point masses

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4
Q

Gravitational field strength

A

Force per unit mass

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5
Q

Line of gravitational force

A

Direction of force on a small test mass

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6
Q

Field of force / Gravitational field

A

Region of space where a particle experiences a force

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7
Q

Radian

A

Angle subtended at the centre of circle where arc length is equal to radius

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8
Q

Angular frequency (w)

A

Angular frequency = 2π x frequency

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9
Q

Oscillations

A

backward and forward motion btw 2 limits

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10
Q

Damping

A

Loss of energy

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11
Q

Natural frequency of vibration of a system

A

Frequency at which body will vibrate when there is no resultant external resistive force acting on it

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12
Q

Free oscillations

A

Body oscillates without external force acting on it

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13
Q

Forced oscillations

A

Body is made to vibrate by an external periodic force

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14
Q

Displacement of the mass on the spring

A

Distance from a ref point in a given direction

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15
Q

Forced frequency

A

Frequency at which the object is made to vibrate

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16
Q

Weightless

A
  • Gravitational F provides centripetal F.
  • Gravitational F is equal to centripetal F.
  • Weight is the difference btw gravitational F and
    centripetal F, which is zero
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17
Q

Resonance

A

Max amplitude of vibration of oscillating body when forced freq equals to natural freq of vibration

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18
Q

Simple harmonic motion

A
  • Acceleration ∝ displacement from a fixed point
  • provided that acceleration and displacement are in opp
    directions
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19
Q

Specific Latent heat

A

Thermal E per unit mass to change state at constant temp

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20
Q

Specific Latent heat of fusion

A

Thermal E per unit mass to cause change of state btw solid and liquid at constant temperature

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21
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

Thermal E per unit mass to raise the temp of a substance by 1°

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22
Q

Thermal equilibrium

A

Bodies are at the same temperature

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23
Q

For a system, what is meant by :

  1. +q
  2. +w
A
  1. heat E transferred TO the system

2. external work done ON the system

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24
Q

△U = q + w

  1. △U
  2. +q
  3. +w
A
  1. △U = ↑ in internal energy
  2. +q = heat E transferred TO the system
  3. +w = work done ON the system
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25
Q

T

A

absolute temperature

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26
Q

Avogadro constant, NA

A

Number of atoms in 12g of carbon-12

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27
Q

mole

A

Amount of substance containing 6.02x1 0^23 particles

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28
Q
A

Mean-square-speed of atoms

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29
Q

Ideal gas

A
  • Gas obeys the formula PV/T = constant, at all values of p,
    V, T.
  • where p is pressure, V is volume of gas, T is temperature
    in K
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30
Q

Internal Energy of system

A

Total Ep and Ek of molecules in random distribution

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31
Q

Electric Field Strength

A

Force per unit +ve charge

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32
Q

Electric potential at a point

A

Work done per unit charge. Work done is moving positive charge from infinity to that point

33
Q

Coulomb’s Law

A

Force ∝ product of point CHARGES and 1/∝ to the square of separation btw two point CHARGES

34
Q

Electric field

A

Region where a charge experiences an electric force

35
Q

Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor

A
  • Charge per unit potential.
  • Charge; the amount of charge on 1 plate
  • Potential; potential difference btw 2 plates
36
Q

Quantisation of charge

A

Charge exists in discrete and equal quantitites

37
Q

n

A

number of charge carriers per unit volume

38
Q

Capacitance

A

charge per unit pd

39
Q

Magnetic flux density

A

Force per unit current per unit length of wire, where current is normal to magnetic field

40
Q

Magnetic flux linkage

A

(Magnetic flux density) x (cross-sectional A normal to magnetic flux density) x (number of turns on coil) x sin(angle btw B and A)

41
Q

Magnetic flux

A

Product of flux density and area where direction of flux is normal to area

42
Q

Tesla

A

Newton per ampere per metre when magnetic field is normal to current

43
Q

Magnetic field

A

Region where a current-carrying conductor experiences a force

44
Q

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

A

Induced emf ∝ rate of △ of magnetic flux linkage

45
Q

Lenz’s law

A

Induced emf acts in such a direction to oppose the △ causing it

46
Q

Smoothing

A

Output p.d does not fall to zero

47
Q

Ideal transformer

A

No power loss in transformer

48
Q

Work Function Energy

A

Min photon E required to remove an e- from a surface with 0 Ek

49
Q

Photon

A

Quantum of E of electromagnetic radiation

50
Q

Photoelectric effect

A

Emission of e- when electromagnetic radiation incident on its surface

51
Q

de Broglie wavelength

A

Particles with a wavelength associated with it, which the wavelength is dependent on its momentum

52
Q

Threshold frequency

A

Min freq of electromagnetic radiation for the emission of e- from a surface

53
Q

Mass defect of a nucleus

A

Difference btw mass of nucleus and mass of constituent nucleus where nucleons are separated to infinity

54
Q

Random

A

Time at which a nucleus decays cannot be predicted

55
Q

Spontaneous

A

Decay of a nucleus is not affected by environmental factors

56
Q

Binding energy per nucleus

A

Min E required to separate the nucleons to infinity

57
Q

Nuclear binding energy

A

Min E required to separate nucleons in a nucleus to infinity

58
Q

Random decay

A

Decay is unpredictable

59
Q

Decay constant

A

Probability of decay of a nucleus per uni time

60
Q

Nuclear fission

A
  • A single large nucleus divides to form small nuclei.

- Fission is initiated by neutron bombardment

61
Q

Nuclear fusion

A
  • Two nuclei combine to form a single nucleus

- Fusion is initiated by very high temperatures

62
Q

Radioactive decay

A

Unstable nucleus emits particles spontaneously and particles are ionising

63
Q

Radioactive

A

Unstable nucleus emits ionising radiation sponstaneously

64
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element w the same no. of protons ut different no. of neutrons

65
Q

Gamma radiation

A

Photons of electromagnetic radiation emitted from nuclei

66
Q

Nucleus

A

Small central part of an atome

67
Q

Nucleon

A

Proton and neutron contained within a nucleus

68
Q

Attenuation

A

Loss of intensity of the wave

69
Q

Geostationary orbit

A

Equatorial orbit above the equator where satellite moves from west to east and has period of 24 hours

70
Q

Geostationary satellite

A

Satellite is in equatorial orbit traveling from west to east with period of 24 hours

71
Q

Specific acoustic impedance

A

Product of density of medium and speed of ultrasound in medium

72
Q

Hardness of X-ray beam

A

Penetration of beam.

Greater hardness means great penetration

73
Q

α

A

Ratio of reflected intensity / incident intensity

74
Q

Z2 and Z1

A

Specific acoustic impedances of media on each side of the boundary

75
Q

Sharpness

A

Clarity of resolution of images

76
Q

Contrast

A

Difference in degree of blackening btw structures

77
Q

Linear absorption coefficient

A
  • Parallel beam in matter.
  • I = I0 exp(-µx)
  • Where I is intensity transmitted, I0 is initial intensity, µ is
    attenuation coefficient of the material, and x is thickness
    of material
78
Q

Radioactive half life

A
  • Time for the no. of atoms / activity to be reduced to one half of the original value
79
Q

radiant flux density

A

radiant power passing normally thru a SA per unit area

physics A2 (3 decks)

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