A1.2.1-A2.3.6 Flashcards
To learn everything there is to know about part A (38 cards)
List the four main macromolecules ( optional)
1.lipids
2.protein
3.Carbohydrates
4.Nucleic acids
What are nucleic acids ?
A macromolecule found inside the living systems and they makeup important structures such as DNA
What does DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is DNA
A long molecule consisting of repeating subunits called nucleotides that carries genetic material
Explain nucleotides
Building blocks of nucleic acids . It consists of a pentose sugar molecule called ribose , phosphate group (PO4-3) and a nitrogen base
Draw a simple version of a nucleotide and label it
Look in the textbook I can’t add pictures apparently
What is the backbone of DNA and RNA ?
Sugar -phosphate molecules
Write the nitrogenous bases of DNA
Cytosine, guanine, adenine , thymine
Draw the two strands of a DNA
In ur notebook
Write the differences between DNA and RNA
- DNA has two strands but RNA has one
- DNA has thymine but RNA has Uracil
- DNA lacks an oxygen but RNA has two
How do the nucleotides in an RNA connect to each other?
Using a condensation reaction where water is formed from the bond between sugar and phosphate molecules
Complementary base pairing
Adenine with thymine using hydrogen bonds and Cytosine and guanine
Where are nucleic acids found ( just for better understanding)
The cell’s nucleus
What are purines and what are pyrimidines ?
Adenine and Guanine—> purines ( 2 rings)
Cytosine and thymine—> pyrimidines
5’ is for— and 3’ is for—
Phosphate
Sugar
Nucleosome
Consists of 8 proteins called histones and then the DNA wraps around it almost twice and an H1 protein strengthens the whole thing
What is the pattern of abundance between A , G , C and T ?
Adenine and thymine are almost alike and Guanine and Cytosine are almost alike
What’s the importance of 5’ , 3’ ?
A nucleotide can only attach to a 3’ end and so if we don’t have a 3’ end there won’t be a stable structure.
Describe Replication
It has a 5’ to 3’ direction . Both strands of DNA are used. One moves in the same direction of the strand but the other one moves on the opposite direction
Transcription
5’ to 3’ . One strand of DNA is used to a RNA . It moves in the same direction
What are the 3 requirements for a cell
- Ability to use energy to function
- Be able to self sustain meaning that they can support themselves
3.can pass genetic material to offspring
What are the developments required for the origin of cells
Catalysis- giving control over which reactions occur
Self-assembly- how they assemble
Compartmentalisation- it must have a membrane
Self-replication— obvious
Name some advantages of RNA for being the first genetic material
- Self replicates
- Can act as a catalyst ( natural enzyme)
- Mutates at a higher rate
Approaches to finding estimate dates of LUCA
- Carbon dating
- Fossils
- Using genetical differences
