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Biology > A1.2.1-A2.3.6 > Flashcards

A1.2.1-A2.3.6 Flashcards

To learn everything there is to know about part A

1
Q

List the four main macromolecules ( optional)

A

1.lipids
2.protein
3.Carbohydrates
4.Nucleic acids

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2
Q

What are nucleic acids ?

A

A macromolecule found inside the living systems and they makeup important structures such as DNA

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3
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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4
Q

What is DNA

A

A long molecule consisting of repeating subunits called nucleotides that carries genetic material

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5
Q

Explain nucleotides

A

Building blocks of nucleic acids . It consists of a pentose sugar molecule called ribose , phosphate group (PO4-3) and a nitrogen base

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6
Q

Draw a simple version of a nucleotide and label it

A

Look in the textbook I can’t add pictures apparently

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7
Q

What is the backbone of DNA and RNA ?

A

Sugar -phosphate molecules

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8
Q

Write the nitrogenous bases of DNA

A

Cytosine, guanine, adenine , thymine

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9
Q

Draw the two strands of a DNA

A

In ur notebook

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10
Q

Write the differences between DNA and RNA

A
  1. DNA has two strands but RNA has one
  2. DNA has thymine but RNA has Uracil
  3. DNA lacks an oxygen but RNA has two
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11
Q

How do the nucleotides in an RNA connect to each other?

A

Using a condensation reaction where water is formed from the bond between sugar and phosphate molecules

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12
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

Adenine with thymine using hydrogen bonds and Cytosine and guanine

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13
Q

Where are nucleic acids found ( just for better understanding)

A

The cell’s nucleus

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14
Q

What are purines and what are pyrimidines ?

A

Adenine and Guanine—> purines ( 2 rings)
Cytosine and thymine—> pyrimidines

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15
Q

5’ is for— and 3’ is for—

A

Phosphate
Sugar

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16
Q

Nucleosome

A

Consists of 8 proteins called histones and then the DNA wraps around it almost twice and an H1 protein strengthens the whole thing

17
Q

What is the pattern of abundance between A , G , C and T ?

A

Adenine and thymine are almost alike and Guanine and Cytosine are almost alike

18
Q

What’s the importance of 5’ , 3’ ?

A

A nucleotide can only attach to a 3’ end and so if we don’t have a 3’ end there won’t be a stable structure.

19
Q

Describe Replication

A

It has a 5’ to 3’ direction . Both strands of DNA are used. One moves in the same direction of the strand but the other one moves on the opposite direction

20
Q

Transcription

A

5’ to 3’ . One strand of DNA is used to a RNA . It moves in the same direction

21
Q

What are the 3 requirements for a cell

A
  1. Ability to use energy to function
  2. Be able to self sustain meaning that they can support themselves
    3.can pass genetic material to offspring
22
Q

What are the developments required for the origin of cells

A

Catalysis- giving control over which reactions occur
Self-assembly- how they assemble
Compartmentalisation- it must have a membrane
Self-replication— obvious

23
Q

Name some advantages of RNA for being the first genetic material

A
  1. Self replicates
  2. Can act as a catalyst ( natural enzyme)
  3. Mutates at a higher rate
24
Q

Approaches to finding estimate dates of LUCA

A
  1. Carbon dating
  2. Fossils
  3. Using genetical differences
25
Q

Name and explain the common structures between all cells

A
  1. Plasma membrane- the membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. DNA
26
Q

What are some qualities of prokaryotes

A

1.70S ribosomes ( helps make proteins)
2. Lack a nucleus
3. Non-compartmentalised
4. No histones
5. Bacteria’s mostly

26
Q

Eukaryotes characters

A
  1. Nucleus - double membrane and contains dna ( associates with histone proteins )
  2. 80S ribosomes
  3. Mitochondria
26
Q

Nucleus

A

¥ double nuclear membrane
¥ pores
¥ contains chromosomes/ DNA / histones
¥ DNA is replicated and transcribed to form mRNA

26
Q

Name exceptions in cell structures

A

Blood cells , pholem sieve tube elements, skeletal muscle

26
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum ( rER)

A

¥Consists of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae
¥ 80S ribosomes are attached to the outside of these Cisternae
¥ main function is to synthesise ( make) proteins using the help of ribosomes which are then sent to cisternaes and carried by vesicles to the Golgi apparatus

27
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

¥ contains flattened sacs called cisternae . Are shorter and more curved.
Do not have attached ribosomes but many vesicles nearby
¥ purpose is to process proteins and then carry them to plasma membrane for secretion using vesicles

27
Q

Lysosomes

A

¥ spherical with a single membrane. Formed from Golgi apparatuses. Contains high concentrations of protein
¥ contain digestive enzymes to break down food , organelles and cells

27
Q

SmoothER

A

¥ consists of branched networks of tubular membranes . They look like circles or ovals
¥ the membrane is smooth because there are no ribosomes attached
¥ it’s function is to synthesise lipids, phospholipids and steroids

28
Q

Mitochondria

A

¥ double membrane, inner membrane is folded in itself creating cristae . A fluid inside it is called matrix 💊❤️💊💙. It usually looks ovoid or spherical
¥ helps with fat digestion and produce ATP for the cell using aerobic respiration

29
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Not surrounded by a membrane. Synthesises proteins and releases it . They are formed in the nucleolus ( a region of the nucleus)

30
Q

Common features of viruses

A
  1. Very small
  2. Can’t grow ( fixed size )
    3.have genetic material ( either DNA or RNA )
  3. Contain Capsid lytic cyout of protein enclosing genetic material)
  4. No cytoplasm or enzyme ( or very few )
31
Q

Lytic cycle

A
  1. Attachement to the host via the tail of the virus
  2. DNA enters host’s cell
  3. DNA replicates itself
  4. mRNA
    is formed which are then translated to make viral proteins
  5. Proteins are synthesised using the ribosome of the cell
    6&7. The poke holes into the cells and spread out to infect other cells
32
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A
  1. Attachement
  2. DNA enters the cell
  3. The DNA attaches itself to the host’s cell’s DNA .
  4. Cell division which helps other cells also get infected because the DNA is infected

Biology (2 decks)

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