a1.1.2 - hydrogen bonds Flashcards
describe the structure of an atom.
- protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom, while electrons orbit it in a “cloud”.
- the electrons in an atom are attracted to the protons in the nucleus by an electromagnetic force in which the positive charge of the proton attracts the negative charge of the electron.
outline the formation of ionic bonds between atoms.
an ionic bond is an attraction between a positively charged ion and an negatively charged ion.
outline the formation of covalent bonds between atoms.
in a covalent bond, two atoms share one or more pair of electrons.
explain the sharing of electrons between atoms in a polar covalent bond.
in a polar covalent bond, the nucleus of one atom has more pull on the shared electrons than the other atom. as a result, it has a bigger electron cloud surrounding it. because electrons have a negative charge and there are MORE ELECTRONS around this nucleus, there is a slight negative charge (ઠ-) on this nucleus. because there are LESS ELECTRONS around the second atom’s nucleus, there is a slight positive charge (ઠ+) on this nucleus
state the location of the polar covalent bond within a water molecule.
there are two polar covalent bonds within a water molecule; one between the oxygen atom and each hydrogen atom.
explain the partial charges of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a water molecule.
the nucleus of the oxygen atom of a water molecules has more pull on the shared electrons than the hydrogen atom. as a result, it has a bigger electron cloud surrounding it. because electrons have a negative charge and there are MORE ELECTRONS around the oxygen nucleus, there is a slight negative charge (ઠ-) on this nucleus. because there are LESS ELECTRONS around the hydrogen atom’s nucleus, there is a slight positive charge (ઠ+) on this nucleus
draw a water molecule, including notation to depict the partial charges of the atoms.
a water molecule consists of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atom, hence…H₂O. within a water molecule, electrons are shared through polar covalent bonding between the atoms.
outline the consequences of the collective strength of hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
water’s ability to make hydrogen bonds with itself and other charged molecules grants it a number of emergent properties such as cohesion, adhesion, solvency and a high specific heat. collectively these property make water the primary medium of life.
outline the cause of the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
the partially positive hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted to the partially negative oxygen atom of a different water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond.
