A1 Relating Properties To Use And Production Of Substancea

Question 1

What is an oxide

Answer 1

Any atom that is bonded with an oxygen atom is called an oxide
-zinc oxide
- magnesium oxide

Question 2

What’s an acid

Answer 2

Contains hydrogen and dissociates in water to from hydrogen ions (H+)

Question 3

What’s a base

Answer 3

Reacts with an acid to from salt and water

Question 4

An alkali is

Answer 4

Base that’s is water soluble Ph8

Question 5

What’s hydroxide

Answer 5

Contains an OH- ions

Question 6

What’s a metal hydroxide

Answer 6

Any metal that is bonded to an OH- ion NaOH + HCl —-> H2O + NaCl

Question 7

What’s amphoteric

Answer 7

Substances that can act as an acid or a base

Question 8

What’s transition metals

Answer 8

A metal that forms an ion with a partially filled d subshell. This means accept or lose electrons. Means it can be oxides or reduced

Question 9

What a catalyst do

Answer 9

Catalyst speeds up the reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy

Question 10

Explain why transition metals can act as a catalyst

Answer 10

• Transition metals have a partially filled d subshell
• accept or lose electrons suggest it’s oxidised or lose electrons
• so they provide and alternative rate for a reaction
• with lower activation energy

Question 11

Explain how a catalyst lowers the amount of energy needed for reaction

Answer 11

• adsorbs reaction on it surface
• done by breaking the bonds because electrons are lost or gained
• reduced or oxidised
• process offers an alternative pathway for this reaction with lower activation energy
• so collision would be less energy to react

Question 12

The Bayer process

Answer 12

1) bauxite ore is crushed to form grains
2) reacted with concentrated hot sodium hydroxide under pressure
3) this forms a slurry mixture
4) alumina dissolves, iron oxide doesn’t
5) impurities red mud are filtered off
6) solution is cooled then seeded with aluminium hydroxide
7) aluminium hydroxide is filtered off then heated in a kiln to from alumina

Question 13

Electrolysis definition

Answer 13

• Are the decomposition of compounds using electricity
• They can break down ionic compounds
• Ions must be free to move for electrolysis to work

Question 14

Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride steps

Answer 14

1. When sodium chloride is melted it forms sodium ions and chloride ions
2. NaCl —-> Na+ + Cl-
3. When two conduction rods that are electrodes are placed in the melting sodium chloride
4. The battery is attached to the electrode a current flow
5. This is where electrons moves from a negative electron to positive electrons
6. The negative chloride ions move to the positive electrode anodes where they lose electrons and from chloride gas (Cl2)
7. The positive sodium ions move to the negative electrode cathode where they gain electrons and from sodium
8. Na+ + e- —-> Na
9. Electrolysis is carried out in a diaphragm cell

Question 15

Electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride solution step by step

Answer 15

1. When sodium chloride is added to water it forms sodium ions, chloride ions, hydrogens ion and hydroxide ions this is called brine
2. NaCl + H2O —-> Na+ + Cl- + H+ + OH-
3. The negative chloride ions move to the positive electrode anode where they lose electrons and from hydrogen gas (H2)
4. 2H+ + 2e- —> H2
5. The positive sodium ion are not reactive as they hydrogen ion
6. So the sodium ions do not gain electrode
7. The sodium ions reacts with the hydroxide ions to form sodium hydroxide in solution
8. Na+ + OH- —-> NaOH

Question 16

Similarities of Milton NaCl vs aqueous NaCl

Answer 16

Cl2 produced at anode = 2Cl- —-> Cl2 + 2e-

Question 17

Difference of molten NaCl vs aqueous NaCl

Answer 17

Na produced at cathode for molten NaCl and H2 produced at cathode aqueous = 2H+ + 2e- —-> H2 NaOH also produced from aqueous NaCl Na+ + OH

Question 18

Electrolysis of brine step by step

Answer 18

1. Diaphragm is mad of porous material. Where material can move through it from the anode compartment into the cathode side
2. There’s a higher level of liquid on anode side
3. This would make the flow of liquid is always from left to right
4. Preventing any of sodium hydroxide solution that is formed from moving back to where chlorine is being produced

Question 19

Membrane cells step

Answer 19

1. The membrane is made from polymer which only allow positive ions to pass through it
2. Means only the sodium ions from the sodium chemise solution can pass through the membrane and not the Chloride ions

Question 20

Advantages of using membrane cell

Answer 20

• the sodium hydroxide solution being formed in the right hand compartment never get contaminated with any sodium chloride solution

Question 21

The extraction of titanium step

Answer 21

1. Titanium is extracted from its ore, rutile - TIO2
2. It’s converted into titanium IV chloride
3. This reduced to titanium using either magnesium