A1 - Psychological definitions Flashcards
Define health.
- a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely absence of disease or infirmity
- according to World Health Organisation 1948
Define biomedical health.
- has dominated out view of health, where health and illness are seen as to separate things, your either healthy or ill
Define biopsychosocial health.
- more complicated and suggests that health exists on a continuum
Which factors do biomedical health include and how is it treated?
- physical or biological factors
- illness treated physically (drugs or surgery)
What is the aim of treatment for biomedical health?
- to return to pre-illness conditions
Which bio health is the dominant view of health in health care systems of industralised countries?
- biomedical
What is biomedical health associated with?
- medical sciences and technological advances
Who provided theories for biopsychosocial health and what did he argue?
- George Engel 1977
- that biomedical definition doe not take into account all factors playing a role in health and illness
What characteristics does the biopsychosocial health include?
- biological
- psychological/ behavioural (stress/ attitudes)
- social environment (family/ culture)
What is the treatment associated with biopsychosocial health and the aims of this?
- takes into account all three factors
- to enhance a persons health rather than to make them ‘not ill’
What is the influence of biopsychosocial health on and what has it led to?
- on mental health, not a matter of faulty biological functioning
- led to educational programmes designed to promote healthy lifestyles
Define stress.
- an emotional and physical response to a threatful situation
What can threats also be know as in association with stress?
- stressors
- either physical or emotional
What is a physical stressor?
- work
- environmental
- temperature or noise
What is an emotional stressor?
- family relative passing away
- life events
How does the body respond to stress generically?
- in a way based upon your perceived ability to cope
What is a less serious/ detrimental form of emotional stressor and what does this depend on?
- could be everyday niggles
- the workplace and personality types able to deal with stress differently
Define physiological stress response.
- how the body physically responds to a stressor
- increased heart rate/ sweating, feeling sick
Define psychological stress response.
- the emotion you experience when you are stressed
- anxiety
Define eustress.
- the belief that stress can be positive instead of negative
What researcher provided evidence for eustress and what was it’s conclusion?
- Yerkes Dorson law ‘inverted U’
- showing that a small bit of anxiety can have a positive effect on performance
What are the two responses to stress?
- perceived ability to cope
- perception of availability resources
What is the perceived ability to cope?
- psychological stress occurs when the perceived demands of your environment are greater than your perceived ability to cope with them
What is the perception of availability resources?
- refers to how we think about are ability to deal with stressors
- resources can be internal (psychological) - resilience or external - social support, family peers
Define addiction.
- a complex psychological disorder, people can become addicted to a substance (heroin) or a behaviour (gambling)
What do addictions provide?
- a pleasurable experiences and people continue with them despite them having harmful consequences
What does International classifications of disease (ICD-11) do?
- puts addiction under the category of disorders or behaviours
What are examples of substances addiction?
- alcohol, cocaine, caffeine, smoking
What are examples of behavioural addiction?
- gambling and video games are the only official recognised ones but others include shopping, sex and internet use
What is the two step process of physiological addiction?
- When a person stops taking the physical substance they experience withdrawal effects, and can lead to relapse
- Over time, the person needs a bigger dose of the substances to get the same effect (tolerance)
What is the two step process of behavioural addiction?
- People can also become addicted to a behaviour
- The behaviour produces the same physical effects as a chemical substances, including tolerance and withdrawal
Who designed the six components of addiction?
- Mark Griffith’s 2005
What are the six components of addiction in order?
- Physical and psychological dependence
- Tolerance
- Withdrawal
- Relapse
- Conflict
- Mood alteration
What is physical and psychological dependence?
- impossible for the person to lead a normal life without the substance or behaviour
- most important activity
- center of thinking, feelings and behaviour takes up most of their time
- other positive behaviours are neglected or deteriorate
- when not engaging in behaviour they are preoccupied with thoughts about it and crave it in it’s absence
What is tolerance?
- when an individual requires increased doses of the substance to achieve effects originally produced by lower doses
- someone who repeatedly takes drug finds they get less of a buzz from their normal dose
- behavioural = increasing amounts of needed
- example = gamblers place bigger bets over periods to get a larger ‘rush’ from placing smaller bets
What is withdrawal?
- effects that occur when an individual suddenly reduces or ceases the addictive activity
- short/ regular = lack of sleep, depression, anxiety and nausea
- long/ serious = paranoia, seizures, confusion and hallucinations
- symptoms can either be psychological or physiological
What is relapse?
- when a person repeatedly goes back to earlier patterns of dependent behaviour, after having given them up
- sadly can happen after a very long period of abstinence or a short period
- possible with many illnesses surrounding addiction
- after rehabilitation they can return to drinking or drugs, so will not get better
- people may relapse due to stress, times of celebration, health and withdrawal symptoms
What are the two types of conflict?
- Interpersonal conflict
- Intrapersonal conflict
What is interpersonal conflict?
- between addicted people and other people
- pursuit of short-term pleasure can cause conflict with others; parents, friends or spouse
- other areas of life are ignored or neglected because the addict is not being successful in quitting their addiction despite the negative effect it has on those around them
What is intrapersonal conflict?
- within the addicted person
- experience loss of control because they want to stop behaving in ways that are damaging but cannot do so
What is mood alterations?
- addict gets a rush or buzz when engaging in the behaviour
- addict is able to use behaviour to bring out mood change
- same chemical or behaviour can alter mood in different directions depending on time and setting (nicotine can stimulate in the morning or relax before sleep)
Define tolerance.
- after continued drinking, consumption of a constant amount of a substance produces a lesser effect or increasing amounts of a substance are necessary to produce the same effect
Define dependence.
- the situation in which you need something or someone at all times, especially in order to continue existing or operating
Define withdrawal.
- the unpleasant physical and mental effects that result when you stop doing or taking something, especially a drug that has become a habit
Define relapse.
- to become ill or start behaving badly again, after making an improvement
Define addiction (simply).
- an inability to stop doing or using something especially something harmful
