A1 philosophical underpinnings

Question 1

The presumption that the universe is lawful and an orderly place in which all phenomena occur as a result of other events.

Answer 1

Determinism

Question 2

the practice of objective observation, measure and description of the phenomena of interest. No prejuicios or personal observations. Unbiased

Answer 2

Empiricism

Question 3

A carefully conducted comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (the dependent variable) under two or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (independent variable) differs from one condition to another.

Answer 3

Experimentation

Question 4

All simple, logical explanations for the phenomenon under investigation be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more complex or abstract explanations are considered.

Answer 4

Parsimony

Question 5

The requirement that scientist continually question the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact.

Answer 5

Philosophic Doubt

Question 6

The philosophical attitude that something has value, or is true, to the extent that it leads to successful outcomes when practically applied.
Realistic and practical

Answer 6

Pragmatism

Question 7

All life forms naturally and continually evolve through their learning history and evolutionary development. This happens at an individual level, and also on a species level.

Answer 7

Selectionism

Question 8

How the environment changes one individual over their lifetime.

Answer 8

Otogeny

Question 9

The natural evolution of a species which includes the inheritance of survival characteristics passed down from one generation to the next.

Answer 9

Phylogeny

Question 10

bringing about a phenomenon more than once under similar conditions and determine the reliability and usefulness of findings of the experiment

Answer 10

Replication

Question 11

A collection of facts about the observed event(s) that can be quantified, classified and examined for possible similarities to other known facts.

Answer 11

Description

Question 12

A specific change in one event can be reliably produced by scientific manipulation of another event. This change is not due to other factors or variables. It is highest level of understanding; functional relations- manipulation of independent variable can be used to produce a reliable change in dependent variable that is unlikely the result of extraneous (confounding) variables

Answer 12

Control

Question 13

repeated observations reveal that two events consistently covary with each other; this correlation can be used to predict the relative probability that one event will occur based on the presence of another event; cannot demonstrate functional relations since no variables are manipulated; but can suggest possibility of causal relations to be explored; prediction enables preparation

Answer 13

Prediction

Question 14

Investigates socially significant behaviors, important for the individual and society 🏃🏙️

Answer 14

Applied

Question 15

Behavior is directly observed and measured, study what people can DO

Answer 15

Behavioral ✔️

Question 16

functional relations, Control🎮 of the events responsible for behavior change

Answer 16

ANAlytic

Question 17

Procedures described in terms of basic principles of behavior

Answer 17

Conceptually systematic

Question 18

Improvements in behavior must reach clinical or social significance

Answer 18

Effective

Question 19

Behavior changes durable in a very variety of environments, or across behaviors

Answer 19

Generality

Question 20

A written description of all procedures in the study is sufficiently complete, detailed are described in explicitly detailed, and completely enough, so someone could replicate them

Answer 20

Technological

Question 21

a fictitious variable that often is simply another name for the observed behavior that contributes nothing to an understanding of the variables responsible for developing or maintaining the behavior (mentalism)

Answer 21

explanatory fiction

Question 22

reliance on public events, excluding private events, the mind exists but cannot be observed and, therefore, cannot be studied scientifically. Study scientific behavior and how it varies depending on things in the environment (stimuli and rewards)

Answer 22

Methodological behaviorism

Question 23

all aspects of human behavior could be explained by the same conditioning processes that they were studying in rats and pigeons. private events such as thoughts and feelings are behavior

Answer 23

Radical Behaviorism

Question 24

approach to the study of behavior which assumes that a mental or “inner” dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension.

Answer 24

Mentalism