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bph > A1: Pharmacist's Role > Flashcards

A1: Pharmacist's Role Flashcards

1
Q

What is a professional?

A
  1. Relating to or belonging to a profession more than worthy of or appropriate to a professional
    person
  2. Engaged in an activity as a paid occupation
    rather than as an amateur
  3. A professional person > a person having
    impressive competence in a particular activity
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2
Q

Characteristics of a profession

A
  1. Specialist knowledge and lengthy training
  2. Service orientation – (altruism)
  3. Protected area of expertise / monopoly over practice
  4. Self-regulating / self-policing
  5. Ethical and moral obligations
  6. Accountable to those served and to society
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3
Q

Medicines Optimisation

A

Making sure the right patients get the right choice

of medicine, at the right time.

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4
Q

What does Medicine Optimisation focus on

A

Patients + their experience, to help:

  • improve outcomes
  • take medicines correctly
  • avoid taking unnecessary medicines
  • reduces medicines wastage
  • improves medicines safety
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5
Q

Clinical audit

A

process for quality improvement

1) set standards
2) measure current practise
3) compare results of practise to standard set
4) reflect, plan & implement change
5) re-audit

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6
Q

Principles of medicine optimisation

A

Understand patients experience

evidence based choice of medicines

ensure medicines use is as safe as possible

make medicines optimisation routine practise

— it is a patient centred approach

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7
Q

Example of clinical audit

A

Post-operative nausea and vomiting guideline

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8
Q

GPhC

A

Regulator in GB for Pharmacists,

Pharmacy technicians + pharmacy premises

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9
Q

Types of ADR

A

Type A

Type B

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10
Q

Type A ADR

A
  • Predictable – related to its pharmacology
  • Dose-dependent
  • Common
  • Low mortality (rarely fatal)
  • Response to dose reduction
  • – E.g. Bleeding due to aspirin
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11
Q

Type B ADR

A
  • Unpredictable (but now some are predictable – genetic
    variations)
  • Not related to pharmacology
  • Not dose-related
  • Rare
  • High mortality (often serious & may be fatal)
  • Response to drug withdrawal
    — E.g. Anaphylactic reaction to ampicillin
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12
Q

Burden of ADRs on Healthcare Systems + patients

A
  • Make people ill and can kill
  • May mimic disease
  • Affect quality of life and adherence
  • Lead to loss of confidence in healthcare professionals
  • Increase cost in patient care
  • Worry patient
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13
Q

Yellow card scheme

A

Spontaneous reports of suspected adverse drug reactions,
medical device incidents, defective medicines and suspected counterfeit medicines
Acts as an early warning system to identify problems, ADRs and risk factors

MHRA can detect duplicate reports

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14
Q

Yellow card scheme

A

introduced in 1964

Spontaneous reports of suspected adverse drug reactions,
medical device incidents, defective medicines and suspected counterfeit medicines
Acts as an early warning system to identify problems, ADRs and risk factors

MHRA can detect duplicate reports

Doctors, dentists, pharmacists, coroners, nurses, midwifes,
health visitors
 Non-medical prescribers and now patients

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15
Q

Pharmacists role in avoiding ADRs

A
  • Selecting products based on patient’s risk factors
  • Advising HCPs about the selection of medicine in reducing
    likelihood of ADRs
  • Advising patients on likely occurrence of ADRs
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16
Q

What raises suspicion of an ADR

A
  • Timing
  • Abnormal clinical measurements e.g. blood pressure,
    pulse, blood glucose and weight
  • Abnormal laboratory results (elevation of certain enzyme)
  • New therapy started which could be used to treat ADR
  • Patient risk factors
  • Listening to patients concerns
17
Q

What raises suspicion of an ADR

A
  • Timing
  • Abnormal clinical measurements e.g. blood pressure,
    pulse, blood glucose and weight
  • Abnormal laboratory results (elevation of certain
    enzyme)
  • New therapy started which could be used to treat ADR
  • Patient risk factors
  • Listening to patients concerns
18
Q

Pharmacists role in detecting ADRs

A

Detection of potential ADRs

  • Based on patient’s risk factors
  • Based on patient’s request of OTC remedies
  • Listening to and observing patients for symptoms of ADRs

When an ADR occurs

  • Advising patients on what to do
  • Communicate with HCPs about treatment of ADRs

Reporting suspicion of an ADR
- Informing patient’s doctor of any suspicion of ADRs from their
medicine
- Reporting suspicion of ADR to the yellow card scheme
- Advising patients to report to the yellow card scheme.

19
Q

Drugs that cause ADR-related admissions to hospital

A

Cardiovascular drugs
CNS drugs
NSAIDs

20
Q

Reactions/conditions leading to hospital admission of using drugs that commonly cause ADR

A

GI complaints
Metabolic complications
Haemorrhagic complaints

21
Q

Common ADRs seen in community

A

GI + CNS symptoms

Skin reactions

22
Q

Define ADR

A

A reaction that is noxious
(harmful) and unintended and occurs at doses normally used in man for the prophylaxis, diagnosis or
treatment of disease or the modification of physiological function.

23
Q

What is an ADR under

A

Side effect

24
Q

Mid-staffordshire Hospital

A
  • Between 2005 & 2009 – conditions of appalling care
  • Excess deaths
  • Patient and family complaints not listened to
  • Inquiry launched by the Government to look into what
    happened and how to prevent it happening again
25
Q

Francis Report (Mid-Staffordshire public inquiry)

A 
Understand the lessons to be learned
290 recommendations covering areas including:
- Putting patients first
- Fundamental standards of behaviour
- Common culture
- Responsibility for health care standards and systems governance
- Patient, public and local scrutiny
- Training and education
- Openness, transparency and candour
26
Q

Berwick Report

A
  • Place quality of patient care above all other aims
  • Engage, empower and hear patients can carers
  • Foster the growth and development of all staff
  • Embrace transparency unequivocally and everywhere
27
Q

How did the Government respond to the Mid-Staffordshire Hospital

A

New standards for CQC in inspecting hospitals:
- New standards for involving patients and the public in decisions about
their care and services
- NHS leadership programme
- Duty of candour for all HCPs
- ‘Freedom to Speak Up’ guardians in every Trust

Plans in place for:
- Training & check for all care workers & new criminal offences

28
Q

Examples of health policy

A

National service frameworks (NSFs)
- Set clear quality requirements for care based on the best
available evidence
- offer strategies to help organisations achieve this.

Patient safety
- Aims to improve the safety and quality of care through reporting, analysing and learning from adverse incidents and ‘near misses’ involving NHS patients

29
Q

On September 2010, what did the RPSGB become

A

It split to
▫ General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) – regulator for the profession
▫ Royal Pharmaceutical Society (RPS) – professional leadership body for pharmacists

30
Q

GPhC

A

Regulator in Great Britain for:
▫ Pharmacists
▫ Pharmacy technicians
▫ Pharmacy premises

Structure:

1) Council
2) Chief + executive registrar
3) Inspection + fitness to practise; Policy + communications; Resources and customer services

31
Q

RPS

A

Professional leadership body for pharmacists

Structure:

1) Assembly (14 people)
2) Welsh, Scottish + English pharmacy board

32
Q

Priority areas for English pharmacy board

A

• Improving the urgent and emergency care through
better use of pharmacists
• Pharmacists improving care in care homes
• Pharmacists and GP surgeries
• Pharmacist-led care of people with long term
conditions
• Pharmacist access to the patient health record

33
Q

Local practise forum

A 
▫ Support for education, continuing professional development and revalidation
▫ Local leadership
▫ Practice and science research
▫ Sharing best practice
▫ Improved
▫ Mentoring
▫ Networking
34
Q

Aim to understand patients experience

A

To ensure the best possible outcomes from medicines, there is an ongoing, open dialogue with the patient and/or their carer about the patient’s choice and experience of using medicines to manage their condition; recognising that the patient’s experience may change over time.

35
Q

Evidence based choice of medicines

A

Ensure that the most appropriate choice of clinically and cost effective medicines (informed by the
best available evidence base) are made that can best meet the needs of the patient.

36
Q

Ensure medicines use is as safe as possible

A

The safe use of medicines is the responsibility of all professionals, healthcare organisations and
patients, and should be discussed with patients and/or their carers. Safety covers all aspects of
medicines usage, including unwanted effects, interactions, safe processes and systems, and effective
communication between professionals.

37
Q

Make medicines optimisation part of routine practice

A

Health professionals routinely discuss with each other and with patients and/or their carers how to get
the best outcomes from medicines throughout the patient’s care.

bph (7 decks)

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