A1: How cells work

Question 1

what are cells?

Answer 1

• Cells are the basic unit of living material

- Billions of microscopic unit

Question 2

What are Tissues?

Answer 2

similar cells grouped together which carry out a particular task.

Question 3

What is an organ?

Answer 3

different types of tissues are commonly grouped together which carries out a particular function.

Question 4

what is the organ system/body system?

Answer 4

Groups of organs responsible for major tasks or functions in the body.

Question 5

what is the largest cell in the human body?

Answer 5

the largest cell in the human body is the female ovum which can just be seen with the naked eye.

Question 6

pros and cons of the ordinary light microscope?

Answer 6

pros: quite good for viewing tissues and organs.
cons: not very useful for looking inside individual human cells.

Question 7

pros and cons of the Electrons microscope?

Answer 7

pros: - helps to see the detail of cell contents
cons: these are highly expensive instruments requiring trained operators to prepare and interpret the specimens, it is possible to take photographs of objects magnified using a microscope so other people can use them, and also diagrams made for them.

Question 8

What is a photomicrograph?

Answer 8

a photograph taken of an object magnified using a microscope.

Question 9

what are organelles?

Answer 9

an organelle is a tiny body inside a cell, which carries out its own function.

Question 10

what is protoplasm?

Answer 10

Protoplasm is the living material that makes up whole cells (refers to anything in the cell boundary)

Question 11

what is Nucleus?

Answer 11

Nucleus is the central part of the cell which is enclosed in a membrane and is usually darker than the rest of the cell because it contains genetic material.

Question 12

what is the ultrastructure of the cell?

Answer 12

Details of the interior of the cells are often referred to as
ultrastructure of the cell.

Question 13

what is a cell membrane?

Answer 13

Cell membrane is a phospholipid protein bilayer

Question 14

Examples of Cells in the body?

Answer 14

• Stem cell
• Bone cells
• Blood cells
• Muscle cells
• Sperm cells
• Female egg cell
• Fat cells
• Nerve cells

Question 15

Examples of Tissues in the body?

Answer 15

• Epithelial tissues
• Connective tissues
• Muscle tissues
• Nervous tissues

Question 16

Example of organs in the body?

Answer 16

• The lungs
• The liver
• The bladder
• The kidneys
• The heart
• The stomach
• The intestines

Question 17

Example of body systems in the body?

Answer 17

• Circulatory system
• Digestive system
• Endocrine system
• Exocrine system
• Immune system
• Muscular system
• Nervous system
• Renal/urinary system

Question 18

what is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 18

They keep toxic substances out of the cell.

Question 19

what are Glycoproteins?

Answer 19

Glycoproteins are molecules that comprise proteins and carbohydrate chains that are involved in many physiological functions including immunity.

Question 20

what are phospholipids?

Answer 20

phospholipids are a group of polar lipids.

Question 21

what is the function of phospholipids?

Answer 21

Phospholipids are crucial for building the protective barrier, or membrane.

Question 22

what is cytoplasm?

Answer 22

Cytoplasm is a semi-fluid material, likened to a gel and capable of flowing slowly.

“cell material” refers to anything inside the cell boundary and outside the nucleus

Question 23

what is the function of cytoplasm?

Answer 23

Cytoplasm is where many chemical reactions take place. The collective term for these reactions is Metabolism. Complex storage sugars such as glycogen and melanin are found in the cytoplasm.

Question 24

What is Metabolism?

Answer 24

Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions occurring in human physiology that involves using or releasing energy from chemical substances.

Question 25

The Cell Nucleus is said to be going through cycles of division what are the names of those cycles? and what does the cell do when it’s not dividing?

Answer 25

The stages of the cycles are mitosis, synthesis, and interphase when the cell is not dividing it’s said to be resting or interphase.

Question 26

what is a chromatin network?

Answer 26

Chromatin network is the dark tangled mass seen in the nucleus of a resting cell .

Question 27

What is RNA?

Answer 27

RNA is a nucleic acid found in both the cell and the nucleus.

Question 28

What is Ribonucleic acid(RNA) responsible for?

Answer 28

RNA is responsible for the manufacture of cell proteins such as pigments, enzymes, and hormones.

Question 29

what is Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)?

Answer 29

DNA is a nucleic acid found only in the chromatin network and chromosomes of the nucleus.

Question 30

what is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) responsible for?

Answer 30

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is responsible for the control of the cell and passing on of inherited characterisitcs.

Question 31

What are chromosomes?

Answer 31

Chromosomes are long threads of DNA and protein seen in a dividing cell, which contain the genetic material or genes which is responsible for transmitting inherited characteristics.

Question 32

what are centrioles?

Answer 32

Centrioles are organelles that play an important part in spindle formation during cell division.

Question 33

What are mitochondria?

Answer 33

Mitochondria are the organelle that breaks down food molecules to make ATP.

Question 34

what is the structure of mitochondria?

Answer 34

is a double layered membrane the inner one is folded to form structure called cristae.

Question 35

what is cristae?

Answer 35

folds the inner layer of mitochondrial membrane on which the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of glucose are situated.

Question 36

What is ATP?

Answer 36

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a chemical in mitochondria capable of trapping and storing energy, to supply to the cell when needed.

Question 37

what is ADP?

Answer 37

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) is a chemical left after ATP has released its stored energy to do work.

Question 38

what are the two variations of Endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 38

Rough and Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 39

What is Endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 39

Endoplasmic Reticulum is a branching network that fills the cell interior.

Question 40

what is the function of Endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 40

the channels form passage ways for transporting to and from the different parts of the cell.

Question 41

What is the structure of Rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 41

Rough endoplasmic is covered with tiny black bodies known as ribosomes

Question 42

What is the structure of Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 42

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes

Question 43

what is the function of Rough Endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 43

making cell proteins and acting a temporary storage area.

Question 44

What is the function of Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 44

• is involved in the metabolism of lipids or fats.
• Synthesise, stores and transports lipids.
• Synthesise, store and transport carbohydrates.

Question 45

The structure of ribosomes?

Answer 45

black bodies located on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, or lying fee in the cytoplasm. They contain different forms of RNA.

Question 46

What is the role of ribosomes?

Answer 46

to manufacture proteins as instructed by the DNA of the nucleus.

Question 47

what is the structure of Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 47

Appears as serious of flattened, fluid filled stacks like pancakes.

Question 48

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 48

• it is responsible for packaging proteins for delivery to other organelles.
• also responsible for producing lysosomes.

Question 49

What is the structure of Lysosomes?

Answer 49

is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes.

Question 50

What is the function of Lysosomes?

Answer 50

• They breakdown excess or worn-out cell parts.

- its used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria.