A1 Definitions of management and leadership

Question 1

Management by objectives

Answer 1

• Manager set objectives for employees to achieve business goals
• Relies on delegation, as employees take responsibility for achievement of objectives
• Employees have some independence to achieve objectives

Question 2

Situational leadership

Answer 2

• Employees are followers who may or may not have the ability and willingness to do a job
• Managers adopt different ways to get employees to do their jobs

Question 3

Contingency leadership

Answer 3

• Managers identify the type of problem and either resolve it themselves or seek employee collaboration
• Sometimes managers may need to be autocratic and instruct employees to carry out tasks; at other times they may give employees greater freedom

Question 4

Functional management

Answer 4

Each manager manages a limited range of activities and uses their knowledge and understanding to direct employees

Question 5

Action-centred leadership

Answer 5

For every job, managers must balance three main management responsibilities:

• Achieving the task
• Managing the team
• Managing individuals

Question 6

Transformational leadership

Answer 6

Leaders who believe their job is to inspire and motivate others to work hard

Question 7

Transactional leadership

Answer 7

Leaders who believe employees have to be rewarded in order to work