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NA Yr12 Teacher A JDW > A1 Cells > Flashcards

A1 Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies proteins

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2
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Release energy/ATP by aerobic respiration

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3
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

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4
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Photosynthesis

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5
Q

Name 2 structures found in the nucleus

A

Chromosomes and nucleolus/nucleoli

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6
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls which substances enter and leave the cell

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7
Q

What is the function of the Golgi vesicles?

A

Transports chemicals across the Golgi apparatus or to the cell membrane.

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8
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

Hydrolyses dead or damaged organelles.

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9
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Makes and transports proteins

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10
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Makes and transports steroids

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11
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Rigid outer covering to the plant cell. Supports the plant cell.

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12
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Stores cell sap. Keeps the cell turgid.

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13
Q

The epithelium cells of the small intestine have microvilli on them. What is their function?

A

Increase surface area for absorption of digested food.

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14
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar specialised cells that perform a particular function.

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15
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues which perform a particular function

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16
Q

What is a system?

A

A group of organs which perform a particular function

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17
Q

Which are larger? Prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

Give three ways in which prokaryotic cells are different to eukaryotic cells

A

No membrane-bound organelles eg mitochondria
No nucleus
Smaller ribosomes
Cell wall made of glycoprotein not cellulose

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19
Q

Give 3 features that are found in prokaryotic cells and not eukaryotic cells

A

One or more plasmids
A capsule surrounding the cell
One or more flagella

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20
Q

Give three features found in viruses

A

Genetic material
Capsid
Attachment protein

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21
Q

Viruses are acellular. What does this mean?

A

Not made of cells

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22
Q

Give 2 advantages of using a light microscope rather than an electron microscope

A

Can see living cells
Cell movement can be observed
Very few artefacts
Can see natural colour

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23
Q

Give two advantages of using an electron microscope rather than a light microscope

A

Higher resolution

Higher magnification

24
Q

Why does an electron microscope give better resolution than a light microscope?

A

Uses a shorter wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum

25
Give an advantage of a scanning electron microscope over a transmission electron microscope
3D images vs 2D images | Observe the surface of a structure
26
Give an advantage of a transmission electron microscope over a scanning electron microscope
Higher resolution. | Observe internal structures in the cell
27
Why are cells dead when viewed under an electron microscope?
High energy electrons damage cells Vacuum needed Cells dehydrated
28
What does magnification mean?
How large the image is compared to real life
29
What does resolution mean?
The smallest distance below which two discrete objects will be seen as one.
30
What is the formula for calculating magnification?
Magnification = size of image/size of real object
31
Describe how cell components can be separated in a lab.
Cell fractionation Homogenate made by using a blender or mortar and pestle. Filter - to remove cell debris Centrifuge Use different speeds to separate components of different density.
32
How is pH maintained when separating cell components.
Buffer
33
Why is an isotonic suspension needed whe separating cell components?
Prevent osmosis. | Prevent organelles shrinking or bursting
34
How is enzyme activity reduced when separating cell components?
Ice cold conditions
35
What is an artefact?
A change in the structure of an organelle during the preparation for observation under an electron microscope.
36
In which type of cell would the 80S ribosome be found?
Eukaryotic cell
37
Where would an 70S ribosome be found?
Prokaryotic cell Mitochondria Chloroplasts
38
When observing cells under a microscope why does the specimen need to be thin?
Single layer of cells, | Allows light to pass through
39
How is a temporary slide prepared for viewing?
``` Add drop of water to slide Take a thin (1 cell thick) tissue sample Place on glass slide (float on water) Add stain Lower coverslip onto slide using a mounted needle ```
40
Give 3 rules when producing a scientific drawing
``` No shading Single lines (no sketching) Add labels/annotations No crossed guidelines Add magnification/scale bar ```
41
How could the mean length of a cell be determined using an eye piece graticule?
Place micrometer on stage Calibrate the graticle using a stage micrometer Measure length of a random selection of cells using the graticle. Calculate the mean
42
Name the main biological molecule found in a bacterial cell wall
Peptidoglycan
43
Describe the structure of a lysosome
Sac surrounded by a single membrane Proton pumps maintain acidic conditions Contains hydrolytic enzymes called lysozyme
44
Describe the structure of a ribosome
Made of RNA and protein Free in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum Large subunit - joins amino acids Small subunit - contains mRNA binding site
45
Describe the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cisternae - network of tubes and flattened sacs extends from nuclear membrane to cell membrane Ribosomes attached to the outer surface
46
Describe the structure of the plant cell wall
Made of cellulose microfibrils | Pores (plasmodesmata) allow molecules to pass between cells
47
Describe the structure of the plant vacuole
Surrounded by a single membrane - tonoplast | Contains cell sap - water, mineral ions, enzymes, soluble pigments.
48
Describe and explain the adaptions shown by an epithelium cell of the small intestine
``` Folded membrane (microvilli) increase surface area for diffusion Mnay mitochondria - large amount of ATP needed for active tramsport ```
49
State the role of plasmids in prokaryotes
Small rind of DNA that carriers non-essential genes | Can be exchanged between bacteria
50
State the role of the capsule in prokaryotes
``` Polysaccharide layer that Prevents desiccation Acts as a food reserve Adhesive Mechanical protection against phagocytosis ```
51
Describe the structure of a viral particle
Linear genetic material (DNA or RNA) Viral enzymes eg. reverse transcriptase Surrounded by a capsid (protein coat) No cytoplasm
52
State the role of attachment proteins on viral particles
Enable virus to bind to complementary sites on host cell
53
Describe how a transition electron microscope works
High energy beam of electrons pass through thin slice of specimen More dense structures appear darker as they absorb more electrons Focus image onto fluorescent screen or photographic plate using magnetic lenses
54
Describe how a scanning electron microscope works
Focus beam of electrons onto a specimens surface using electromagnetic lenses Reflected electrons hit a collecting device and are amplified to produce an image on a photographic plate or fluorescent screen
55
Describe how an optical microscope works
Lenses focus rays of light and magnify the view of a thin slice of specimen Different structures absorb different amounts and wavelengths of light Reflected light is transmitted to the observer via the objective and eyepiece lens

NA Yr12 Teacher A JDW (9 decks)

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