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APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY > A1-A3 > Flashcards

A1-A3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is addiction?

A

Addiction is a chronic disorder characterized by the compulsive use of a substance or engagement in a behavior despite negative consequences.

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2
Q

True or False: Stress can be a contributing factor to addiction.

A

True

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: Addiction often involves a cycle of __________ and withdrawal.

A

craving

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4
Q

What are the two main types of addiction?

A

Substance addiction and behavioral addiction.

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5
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a common substance associated with addiction? A) Alcohol B) Caffeine C) Exercise D) Opioids

A

C) Exercise

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6
Q

What role does the brain’s reward system play in addiction?

A

The brain’s reward system reinforces behaviors by releasing dopamine, leading to cravings for the substance or behavior.

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7
Q

True or False: All individuals who experience stress will develop an addiction.

A

False

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8
Q

What is the relationship between stress and substance use?

A

Stress can lead individuals to use substances as a coping mechanism, which can increase the risk of developing an addiction.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is often used as a method to cope with stress and can lead to addiction.

A

Substance use

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10
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a behavioral addiction? A) Nicotine B) Gambling C) Alcohol D) Heroin

A

B) Gambling

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11
Q

What is a common symptom of addiction?

A

A common symptom is the inability to stop using a substance or engaging in a behavior despite wanting to.

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12
Q

True or False: Withdrawal symptoms can occur when a person stops using an addictive substance.

A

True

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13
Q

What does the term ‘tolerance’ mean in the context of addiction?

A

Tolerance refers to the body’s adaptation to a substance, requiring increasingly larger doses to achieve the same effect.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ therapy is one approach used to treat addiction.

A

Cognitive-behavioral

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15
Q

Multiple Choice: Which factor does NOT influence the likelihood of developing an addiction? A) Genetics B) Environment C) Education D) Age

A

C) Education

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16
Q

What is the significance of social support in addiction recovery?

A

Social support can provide encouragement and accountability, which are crucial for recovery.

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17
Q

True or False: Relapse is a common part of the recovery process.

A

True

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18
Q

What are the physical effects of long-term addiction?

A

Long-term addiction can lead to various health issues, including organ damage, mental health disorders, and increased risk of disease.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is the process through which an individual learns to manage their addiction.

A

Recovery

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20
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common treatment option for addiction? A) Surgery B) Detoxification C) Radiotherapy D) Immunotherapy

A

B) Detoxification

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21
Q

What is the role of motivation in overcoming addiction?

A

Motivation is critical as it drives the individual to seek help and commit to the recovery process.

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22
Q

True or False: Addiction only affects the individual, not their family or community.

A

False

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23
Q

What is the impact of addiction on mental health?

A

Addiction can exacerbate existing mental health issues and contribute to new disorders such as anxiety and depression.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: Addressing underlying __________ can be crucial in treating addiction.

A

mental health issues

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25
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is considered a protective factor against addiction? A) High stress B) Supportive relationships C) Peer pressure D) Substance availability

A

B) Supportive relationships

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26
Q

What is the importance of setting goals in addiction recovery?

A

Setting goals provides direction and motivation, helping individuals to focus on their recovery journey.

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27
Q

What are biological influences to health?

A

Biological influences to health refer to genetic, physiological, and biochemical factors that affect an individual’s health status.

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28
Q

True or False: Genetics play a significant role in determining health outcomes.

A

True

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29
Q

Fill in the blank: _____ can increase susceptibility to certain diseases.

A

Genetic predisposition

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30
Q

What is the role of hormones in health?

A

Hormones regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, and mood, significantly impacting overall health.

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31
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common biological factor influencing health? A) Environment B) Lifestyle C) Genetics D) All of the above

A

C) Genetics

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32
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence.

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33
Q

True or False: Environmental factors can modify gene expression.

A

True

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34
Q

Short Answer: Name one hereditary condition that influences health.

A

Cystic fibrosis

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35
Q

What is the significance of the microbiome in health?

A

The microbiome plays a crucial role in digestion, immunity, and overall health, influencing various physiological processes.

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36
Q

Fill in the blank: _____ disorders are directly linked to genetic mutations.

A

Inherited

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37
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a biological factor affecting health? A) Age B) Nutrition C) Stress D) Physical activity

A

C) Stress

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38
Q

What are biomarkers?

A

Biomarkers are measurable indicators of biological processes, conditions, or diseases that can be used to assess health status.

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39
Q

True or False: All diseases have a genetic component.

A

False

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40
Q

Short Answer: What is the impact of age on health?

A

Age affects the risk of developing chronic diseases and influences physiological changes in the body.

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41
Q

What is the role of the immune system in health?

A

The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases, playing a vital role in maintaining health.

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42
Q

Fill in the blank: Chronic inflammation can lead to _____ diseases.

A

Autoimmune

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43
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a biological risk factor for heart disease? A) High blood pressure B) Smoking C) Poor diet D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

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44
Q

What is the significance of family medical history?

A

Family medical history can indicate genetic predispositions to certain health conditions and inform preventive care.

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45
Q

True or False: Lifestyle choices can override genetic predispositions.

A

True

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46
Q

Short Answer: How does obesity affect biological health?

A

Obesity increases the risk of various diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers.

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47
Q

What is the relationship between stress and biological health?

A

Chronic stress can disrupt hormonal balance and immune function, negatively impacting overall health.

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48
Q

Fill in the blank: _____ is a key factor influencing brain health and cognitive function.

A

Genetics

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49
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common measure of biological health? A) Blood pressure B) Body mass index C) Cholesterol levels D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

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50
Q

What is a genetic mutation?

A

A genetic mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to various health conditions.

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51
Q

True or False: All genetic mutations are harmful.

A

False

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52
Q

Short Answer: What role does metabolism play in health?

A

Metabolism affects how the body converts food into energy, influencing weight and overall health.

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53
Q

What is the primary theory behind the social learning approach to health?

A

The primary theory is that people learn behaviors through observation, imitation, and modeling.

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54
Q

True or False: The social learning theory emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in learning.

A

True

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55
Q

Fill in the blank: According to social learning theory, behavior is influenced by __________, personal factors, and environmental factors.

A

observational learning

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56
Q

What role does self-efficacy play in the social learning approach to health?

A

Self-efficacy influences an individual’s belief in their ability to perform behaviors that lead to desired health outcomes.

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57
Q

Which of the following is a key concept in social learning theory? A) Reinforcement B) Punishment C) Observation D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

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58
Q

What is an example of observational learning in health behavior?

A

An example is a child learning to brush their teeth by watching a parent do it.

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59
Q

What does Bandura’s model of reciprocal determinism illustrate?

A

It illustrates the interaction between behavior, personal factors, and environmental influences.

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60
Q

True or False: Social learning theory suggests that people can learn new behaviors without direct experience.

A

True

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61
Q

What is the significance of role models in social learning theory?

A

Role models provide examples for individuals to imitate and learn from.

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62
Q

Fill in the blank: Social learning theory is often used in health promotion to change __________.

A

health behaviors

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63
Q

What type of reinforcement can encourage health-promoting behaviors according to social learning theory?

A

Positive reinforcement, such as praise or rewards.

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64
Q

Name one limitation of the social learning approach to health.

A

One limitation is that it may not account for all individual differences in behavior change.

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65
Q

True or False: Social learning theory only applies to children’s learning.

A

False

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66
Q

What is the role of feedback in the social learning approach?

A

Feedback helps individuals understand the consequences of their behaviors and adjust accordingly.

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67
Q

Multiple choice: Which factor is NOT considered in social learning theory? A) Individual cognition B) Environmental context C) Genetic predisposition D) Observational learning

A

C) Genetic predisposition

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68
Q

How can social media influence health behaviors according to social learning theory?

A

Social media can provide platforms for observation and modeling of health behaviors.

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69
Q

Fill in the blank: The social learning approach emphasizes learning through __________.

A

social interactions

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70
Q

What is the importance of vicarious reinforcement in social learning?

A

Vicarious reinforcement allows individuals to learn from the rewards and punishments experienced by others.

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71
Q

True or False: Social learning theory does not incorporate emotional factors.

A

False

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72
Q

What is a practical application of social learning theory in public health?

A

Creating community programs that model healthy behaviors for participants.

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73
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect learning in the context of social learning?

A

Direct learning involves personal experience, while indirect learning involves observing others.

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74
Q

Fill in the blank: Social learning theory can be applied to __________ interventions.

A

health behavior

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75
Q

What is the effect of peer influence in social learning theory?

A

Peer influence can significantly affect an individual’s health behaviors through modeling and reinforcement.

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76
Q

True or False: Social learning theory can only be applied to physical health.

A

False

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77
Q

What is an example of modeling in health education?

A

Demonstrating proper handwashing techniques to prevent illness.

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78
Q

What does the term ‘observational learning’ refer to?

A

Observational learning refers to learning that occurs through watching others perform behaviors.

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79
Q

What is the Health Belief Model (HBM)?

A

A psychological model that explains and predicts health behaviors by focusing on attitudes and beliefs of individuals.

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80
Q

True or False: The Health Belief Model suggests that perceived susceptibility influences health behavior.

A

True

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81
Q

Fill in the blank: The HBM is primarily concerned with individual beliefs about __________ and __________.

A

health risks; health behaviors

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82
Q

What are the main components of the Health Belief Model?

A

Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy.

83
Q

Which component of HBM refers to a person’s belief in their ability to take action?

A

Self-efficacy

84
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of the Health Belief Model? A) Perceived benefits B) Cues to action C) Social support D) Perceived barriers

A

C) Social support

85
Q

What does ‘perceived susceptibility’ mean in the context of the HBM?

A

It refers to an individual’s belief about the chances of getting a disease or condition.

86
Q

True or False: Perceived severity is about how serious a health problem is believed to be.

A

True

87
Q

What role do ‘cues to action’ play in the Health Belief Model?

A

They are triggers that prompt individuals to take action toward health behaviors.

88
Q

Fill in the blank: The Health Belief Model was developed in the __________.

A

1950s

89
Q

How can perceived barriers impact health behavior according to the HBM?

A

They can deter individuals from engaging in health-promoting behaviors.

90
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a factor that can enhance self-efficacy? A) Peer encouragement B) Lack of information C) High costs D) Fear of failure

A

A) Peer encouragement

91
Q

What is an example of a ‘cue to action’?

A

A reminder from a healthcare provider to get vaccinated.

92
Q

True or False: The Health Belief Model can be applied to various health behaviors, such as smoking cessation and vaccination uptake.

A

True

93
Q

What is meant by ‘perceived benefits’ in the HBM?

A

It refers to an individual’s belief in the advantages of taking a specific health action.

94
Q

Fill in the blank: The Health Belief Model is often used in __________ to design health education interventions.

A

public health

95
Q

Which demographic factors can influence health beliefs according to the HBM?

A

Age, gender, socioeconomic status, and education.

96
Q

What is the primary criticism of the Health Belief Model?

A

It may oversimplify complex health behaviors and not account for emotional and social factors.

97
Q

True or False: The HBM assumes that individuals will act in their best interest regarding health.

A

True

98
Q

What does the term ‘health behavior’ refer to in the context of the HBM?

A

Actions taken by individuals that affect their health.

99
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a limitation of the Health Belief Model? A) It’s too comprehensive B) It ignores emotional responses C) It is universally applicable D) It lacks empirical support

A

B) It ignores emotional responses

100
Q

What is the significance of understanding the Health Belief Model in health promotion?

A

It helps tailor interventions to address specific beliefs and attitudes of target populations.

101
Q

Fill in the blank: The HBM can be used to predict __________ and __________.

A

adoption of health behaviors; adherence to medical recommendations

102
Q

What is an example of applying the HBM in a public health campaign?

A

Creating educational materials that emphasize the risks of smoking and benefits of quitting.

103
Q

What is the Theory of Planned Behavior?

A

A psychological theory that links beliefs and behavior.

104
Q

Name the three key components of the Theory of Planned Behavior.

A

Attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

105
Q

True or False: The Theory of Planned Behavior suggests that intentions are the immediate predictors of behavior.

A

True

106
Q

Fill in the blank: According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, _____ influences an individual’s intention to perform a behavior.

A

Attitude

107
Q

What role do subjective norms play in the Theory of Planned Behavior?

A

They reflect the social pressures an individual feels regarding a behavior.

108
Q

How does perceived behavioral control affect behavior according to the Theory of Planned Behavior?

A

It influences the extent to which a person feels capable of performing the behavior.

109
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of the Theory of Planned Behavior? A) Attitude B) Motivation C) Subjective norms D) Perceived behavioral control

A

B) Motivation

110
Q

What is the relationship between intention and behavior in the Theory of Planned Behavior?

A

Intention is a strong predictor of actual behavior.

111
Q

True or False: The Theory of Planned Behavior can be applied to understand health-related behaviors.

A

True

112
Q

What is an example of a behavior that the Theory of Planned Behavior might help to analyze?

A

Smoking cessation.

113
Q

Fill in the blank: The Theory of Planned Behavior suggests that _____ beliefs influence attitudes.

A

Behavioral

114
Q

Name one limitation of the Theory of Planned Behavior.

A

It may not account for spontaneous behaviors.

115
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a factor that can enhance perceived behavioral control? A) Lack of resources B) Previous experience C) Negative reinforcement D) Social isolation

A

B) Previous experience

116
Q

What type of research method is commonly used to test the Theory of Planned Behavior?

A

Surveys and questionnaires.

117
Q

True or False: The Theory of Planned Behavior assumes that people are rational decision-makers.

A

True

118
Q

What is the significance of behavioral beliefs in the Theory of Planned Behavior?

A

They shape the individual’s attitude towards the behavior.

119
Q

Fill in the blank: _____ norms are the perceived social pressures to perform or not perform a behavior.

A

Subjective

120
Q

What is the outcome of positive attitudes and strong subjective norms according to the Theory of Planned Behavior?

A

Increased intention to perform the behavior.

121
Q

Multiple Choice: Which component of the Theory of Planned Behavior reflects an individual’s confidence in their ability to perform a behavior? A) Attitude B) Subjective norms C) Perceived behavioral control D) Intentions

A

C) Perceived behavioral control

122
Q

What does the acronym TPB stand for?

A

Theory of Planned Behavior.

123
Q

True or False: The Theory of Planned Behavior can predict behaviors in various domains including health, environment, and consumer behavior.

A

True

124
Q

What is the importance of intentions in the Theory of Planned Behavior?

A

Intentions are the immediate determinants of behavior.

125
Q

Fill in the blank: The Theory of Planned Behavior posits that attitudes are shaped by _____ beliefs.

A

Behavioral

126
Q

Name one application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in public health.

A

Designing interventions to promote vaccination uptake.

127
Q

Multiple Choice: Which statement best describes perceived behavioral control? A) It is the likelihood of performing a behavior B) It is the perceived ease or difficulty of performing a behavior C) It is the social influence on behavior D) It is the individual’s past behavior

A

B) It is the perceived ease or difficulty of performing a behavior

128
Q

What does the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) primarily focus on?

A

The stages of change individuals go through when modifying behavior.

129
Q

How many stages are there in the Transtheoretical Model?

A

There are five stages.

130
Q

True or False: The stages of the Transtheoretical Model are linear and do not allow for regression.

A

False.

131
Q

What is the first stage of the Transtheoretical Model?

A

Precontemplation.

132
Q

Fill in the blank: The stage where individuals are not yet considering change is called __________.

A

Precontemplation.

133
Q

What is the second stage of the Transtheoretical Model?

A

Contemplation.

134
Q

In which stage do individuals plan to take action within the next six months?

A

Contemplation.

135
Q

What is the third stage of the Transtheoretical Model?

A

Preparation.

136
Q

During which stage do individuals actively modify their behavior?

A

Action.

137
Q

True or False: The maintenance stage involves sustaining the behavior change over time.

A

True.

138
Q

What is the final stage of the Transtheoretical Model?

A

Maintenance.

139
Q

Which stage might involve individuals returning to previous behaviors?

A

Relapse.

140
Q

What key process involves increasing awareness of the need for change?

A

Consciousness raising.

141
Q

True or False: Self-efficacy is an important concept in the Transtheoretical Model.

A

True.

142
Q

Fill in the blank: The Transtheoretical Model was developed by Prochaska and __________.

A

DiClemente.

143
Q

Which process of change involves substituting healthier behaviors for unhealthy ones?

A

Reinforcement management.

144
Q

What is an example of a behavior that might be targeted by the Transtheoretical Model?

A

Smoking cessation.

145
Q

True or False: The Transtheoretical Model can only be applied to addiction-related behaviors.

A

False.

146
Q

What does the acronym TTM stand for?

A

Transtheoretical Model.

147
Q

In which stage do individuals engage in behaviors to avoid relapse?

A

Maintenance.

148
Q

What is the role of decisional balance in the Transtheoretical Model?

A

It refers to weighing the pros and cons of changing behavior.

149
Q

Fill in the blank: The stage where individuals are actively changing their behavior for less than six months is called __________.

A

Action.

150
Q

What is the primary goal of the Transtheoretical Model?

A

To understand how individuals progress through stages of change.

151
Q

True or False: Individuals can skip stages in the Transtheoretical Model.

A

True.

152
Q

What is the significance of the term ‘relapse’ in the Transtheoretical Model?

A

It indicates a return to previous unhealthy behaviors.

153
Q

Which process of change involves social support during the behavior change process?

A

Social liberation.

154
Q

What is the main focus of the behaviourist approach?

A

The main focus of the behaviourist approach is on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states.

155
Q

True or False: Behaviourists believe that all behavior is learned through interaction with the environment.

A

True

156
Q

Fill in the blank: The behaviourist approach is primarily associated with the work of ________ and ________.

A

John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

157
Q

What does classical conditioning involve?

A

Classical conditioning involves learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus.

158
Q

Multiple Choice: Which experiment is most famously associated with B.F. Skinner?

A

The Skinner Box experiment

159
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Operant conditioning is a learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

160
Q

True or False: Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

A

True

161
Q

What is a key difference between classical and operant conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning associates involuntary responses with stimuli, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors and their consequences.

162
Q

Fill in the blank: In operant conditioning, ________ is the process of adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.

A

Positive reinforcement

163
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of reinforcement?

A

Punishment

164
Q

What is the role of a reinforcement schedule in operant conditioning?

A

A reinforcement schedule determines how often a behavior is reinforced, influencing the strength and persistence of that behavior.

165
Q

True or False: A fixed-ratio schedule provides reinforcement after a set number of responses.

A

True

166
Q

What is the primary method used by behaviourists to study learning?

A

Experimental observation and controlled experiments.

167
Q

Fill in the blank: ________ is a type of punishment that involves removing a pleasant stimulus.

A

Negative punishment

168
Q

Multiple Choice: Which term refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response?

A

Extinction

169
Q

What is the significance of the Little Albert experiment?

A

The Little Albert experiment demonstrated that emotional responses could be conditioned in humans.

170
Q

True or False: Behaviourism has been criticized for ignoring mental processes.

A

True

171
Q

What is the main criticism of the behaviourist approach?

A

The main criticism is that it overlooks cognitive processes and the role of internal thoughts and feelings in behavior.

172
Q

Fill in the blank: In behaviourism, ________ refers to any consequence that strengthens a behavior.

A

Reinforcement

173
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following terms describes a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response?

A

Unconditioned stimulus

174
Q

What is the term for a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus?

A

Conditioned response

175
Q

True or False: Behaviourism has had a significant influence on education and therapy.

A

True

176
Q

What is the concept of shaping in operant conditioning?

A

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

177
Q

Fill in the blank: ________ conditioning is often used in animal training.

A

Operant

178
Q

Multiple Choice: Which behaviourist is known for his work on the social learning theory?

A

Albert Bandura

179
Q

What is the primary focus of the cognitive approach in psychology?

A

The cognitive approach focuses on the mental processes involved in perception, memory, thinking, and problem-solving.

180
Q

True or False: The cognitive approach emphasizes observable behavior over internal mental processes.

A

False

181
Q

Fill in the blank: The cognitive approach is often contrasted with __________, which focuses on behavior alone.

A

behaviorism

182
Q

What are the main mental processes studied in the cognitive approach?

A

Perception, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making.

183
Q

Which psychologist is known for the development of cognitive therapy?

A

Aaron Beck

184
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a key concept in the cognitive approach? A) Conditioning B) Cognitive schemas C) Reinforcement D) Unconscious motives

A

B) Cognitive schemas

185
Q

What is a cognitive schema?

A

A cognitive schema is a mental framework that helps organize and interpret information.

186
Q

True or False: Cognitive psychologists believe that thoughts can influence emotions and behaviors.

A

True

187
Q

What is the role of cognitive distortions in the cognitive approach?

A

Cognitive distortions are irrational thoughts that can negatively affect emotional well-being.

188
Q

Fill in the blank: The cognitive approach utilizes __________ to study mental processes.

A

scientific methods

189
Q

Which model is often used to explain memory in the cognitive approach?

A

The multi-store model of memory.

190
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of the information processing model? A) Input B) Processing C) Output D) Conditioning

A

D) Conditioning

191
Q

What is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

A

CBT is a type of psychotherapy that helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors.

192
Q

True or False: The cognitive approach has no application in clinical settings.

A

False

193
Q

What is the significance of the computer analogy in the cognitive approach?

A

The computer analogy suggests that the human mind processes information similarly to a computer, involving input, processing, and output.

194
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is a cognitive process that involves forming judgments and making decisions.

A

Reasoning

195
Q

Which cognitive psychologist is known for research on cognitive development in children?

A

Jean Piaget

196
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes ‘cognitive load’? A) The total amount of mental effort being used B) The amount of information processed by the brain C) The capacity of short-term memory D) The speed of cognitive processing

A

A) The total amount of mental effort being used

197
Q

What is the purpose of cognitive assessments?

A

Cognitive assessments are used to measure various cognitive abilities, such as memory, attention, and problem-solving skills.

198
Q

True or False: Cognitive approaches can be applied to educational settings to enhance learning.

A

True

199
Q

What does the term ‘metacognition’ refer to?

A

Metacognition refers to the awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes.

200
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is a cognitive strategy that involves breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable parts.

A

Chunking

201
Q

Multiple Choice: Which cognitive theory focuses on how people perceive, interpret, and remember information? A) Behaviorism B) Humanism C) Cognitive Psychology D) Psychoanalysis

A

C) Cognitive Psychology

202
Q

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

A

Explicit memory involves conscious recall of information, while implicit memory is unconscious and influences behavior without awareness.

203
Q

True or False: Cognitive approaches only focus on the negative aspects of thought processes.

A

False

APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY (3 decks)

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