A1 Flashcards
what is meant by the term growth
an increase in some measured quantity eg. height / weight (MEASURED)
what is meant by the term development
complex changes including an acquisition of skills, abilities and capabilities (OBSERVED)
state the life stages with ages
birth and infancy: 0-2 years early childhood: 3-8 years adolescence: 9-18 years early adulthood: 19-45 middle adulthood: 46-65 later adulthood: 65+
what are centile lines?
they are lines on a graph used to show average measurements of height, weight and head circumference
what are milestones?
they describe an ability achieved by most children by a certain age, it can be P,S,E, cognitive and communication skills
what are development norms?
a description of an average set of expectations with respect to a young child’s development. eg. by 12m an infant should be able to stand alone
what is meant by physical development?
growth and other physical changes that happen to our body
what is meant by intellectual development?
the development of language, memory and thinking skills
what is meant by emotional development?
the ability to cope with feelings about ourselves and towards others
what is meant by social development?
the ability to form friendships and relationships and to learn to be independent
what are gross motor skills?
they are large movements that involve using the large muscles of the body eg. rolling over, kicking a ball
what are fine motor skills?
involve small movements that require more precise direction and use smaller muscles eg. writing / turning a page
state gross motor skills during infancy: 0-2 years
0: primitive reflexes
3months: can lift head when lying on front
6months: rolls over
9-10 months: begins to cruise
12-13 months: stands alone / walk without help
2 years: throws a large ball
2 1/2years: kicks a ball
state fine motor skills during infancy
0: holds thumbs tucked into their hands
6 months: moves objects from hand to hand
9-10 months: uses finger and thumb to hold a small object
12-13 months: manipulates and places toys
2 years: draws lines and circles / turns page
2 1/2 years: uses a spoon / fork
state milestones infants reach
sitting up
standing - 12-13m
cruise - 9-10m
state gross motor skills during early childhood: 3-8 years
3-4 years: use pedals to ride a tricycle / run forwards / backwards / walks along a line /
5 years: hops confidently
6-7 years: skip / ride a bike
8 years: good strength and body coordination / developed the large muscles in legs and arms
state fine motor skills during early childhood
3-4 years: use a pencil to copy letters / build a tower with cubes
5 years: buttons and unbuttons clothing
8 years: joins up writing
what is meant by adolescence
important status change following the onset of puberty where a young person develops from a child into an adult
during this life stage individuals experience physical and growth changes
what are primary sexual characteristics
changes and development of reproductive organs present at birth
what are secondary sexual characteristics
outward signs of development
develop during puberty, when sex hormones are released
primary sexual characteristics - FEMALE
uterus enlarges and the vagina lengthens
ovaries begin to release eggs
the menstrual cycle begins
primary sexual characteristics - MALE
penis enlargen
prostate gland produces secretions
testes enlarges and produces sperm
secondary sexual characteristics - FEMALE
breasts develop and the areola swells and darkens
hair grows in armpits and pubic area
redistribution of body fat causing hips to widen
secondary sexual characteristics - MALE
changes in larynx causes voice to deepen
hair grows in armpits and pubic area, facial hair
redistribution of muscle tissue and fat
what is meant by puberty
period of rapid growth where young people reach sexual maturity, and become able to reproduce, sexual characteristics develop
what ages do girls and boys go through puberty
girls: 11-13
boys: 13-15
what hormones do girls have?
the hormone oestrogen and progesterone are produced by the ovaries, they stimulate the growth of breasts and reproductive system and help to regulate the menstrual cycle
what hormone do boys have?
the hormone testosterone is produced by the testes, it stimulates growth of the penis, pubic hair growth and the development of muscle and lowering the voice.
describe early adulthood
between the ages 19 - 45, individuals reach maturation
they are at the peak of their physical performance age 19-28.
reached full height, strength and reaction time is quickest.
sexual characteristics are fully developed, women are at their most fertile
at what age do women go through the perimenopause?
40 -45, women reach the end of their reproductive years
it lasts until the menopause, women gradually begin to make less oestrogen, so the ovaries stop producing an egg each month
symptoms of the perimenopause
physical: hot flushes night sweats breast tenderness mood swings loss of libido vaginal dryness
describe the middle adulthood life stage
between 46 - 65
females enter the menopause
risk of miscarriage and pregnancy complications rise with age
what is the menopause
it is a natural physiological change
gradual ending of menstruation
reduction in the sex hormones o&p = loss of libido
what does the reduction in oestrogen cause?
ovaries stop producing eggs
thinning and shrinkage of vagina
affects the hypothalamus in the brain which regulates temperature, causing hot flushes and night sweats
mood swings as oestrogen regulates neurotransmitters that affect mood
what does a reduction in oestrogen and progesterone cause
gradually stops menstruation
impacts libido
effects of the perimenopause and menopause
hormonal changes can lead to mood changes, depression and anxiety, feeling overwhelmed that they can no longer have children which can impact their self image of being a ‘desirable’ woman / self-esteem may decrease
describe effects of the aging process
less elasticity of the skin - less collagen is produced which makes the skin become thinner / more fragile
loss of muscle mass
reduction in vision / hearing
thinning of hair
higher suceptability to disease / infection
loss of stamina
less mobility of GMS / FMS
describe three physical symptoms of the perimenopause
hot flushes - due to the hypothalamus which regulates body temp
fatigue - extreme tiredness
loss of libido - lower levels of oestrogen = vaginal dryness
outline 3 physical effects a person age 85 may experience
weakened immune system - natrual biological decline
deterioration of sight - eye muscles weaken
deterioration of hearing - loss of sound signals reaching the brain
loss of 5cm - changes in posture and compression of the spinal discs and joints
what is meant by the term life expectancy
an estimate of the number of years, on average that a person can expect to live
negative and positive effects of ageing
mobility becomes more difficult- small changes in the brain including loss / shrinkage of nerve cells and a general slowing of movement / responses
more susceptable to accidents / falls due to a lack of muscular strength / balance problems
ageing DOES NOT impact cognitive ability, but can affect how individuals process info
what is cognitive impairment
when a person has difficulty remembering, learning new skills and concentrating
