A Sense Of Place Flashcards
1
Q
Where do I live?
A
I live in NI, part of the UK found on the western edge of Europe in the Northern Hemisphere. Lat -54.78.77°N. Lon -6.49.23°W
2
Q
Which Continent is the largest?
A
Asia, contains 29% of Earth’s landmass with an area of 43.8 million miles squared.
3
Q
What is the second largest continent?
A
Africa, 20% of Earth’s landmass and an area of over 30 million square miles.
4
Q
What is the third largest continent?
A
North America, 17% of Earth’s landmass area of 24.5 million square miles
5
Q
Which is the fourth largest continent?
A
South America, contains 12% of Earth’s landmass and has 17.8 million square miles.
6
Q
Which is Earth’s fifth largest continent?
A
Antarctica, 9% of Earth’s landmass and an area of 13.7 million square miles
7
Q
What is the second smallest continent?
A
Europe, 7% of Earth’s landmass and an area of 10.2 million square miles.
8
Q
What is the smallest continent?
A
Oceania, 6% of Earth’s landmass and an area of 9 million square miles.
9
Q
What are lines of latitude?
A
Horizontal lines, drawn around the Earth. Latitude goes from the equator which is 0°, to the North and South Poles at 90°
10
Q
What are lines of longitude?
A
Vertical lines drawn along Earth. They go from Greenwich Mean at 0° to the International Date line at 180°
11
Q
Where are the tropics located?
A
23.5° North for the Tropic of Cancer and 23.5° South for the Tropic of Capricorn
12
Q
How many degrees is there in a time zone?
A
15°
13
Q
What is the name for the very centre of the Earth?
A
The Inner Core
14
Q
What surrounds the inner core?
A
The Outer Core
15
Q
What temperature is the inner core?
A
5500° C
16
Q
What temperature is the mantle?
A
3500°C
17
Q
How thick is the crust?
A
6-20km
18
Q
How are the plates divided?
A
See book
19
Q
What types of plates are there?
A
Continental and oceanic
20
Q
What are some typical features of a continental plate?
A
Usually 35 to 100km thick, between 1000 and 3500 million years old and generally lighter than oceanic plates.
21
Q
What are some typical features of oceanic plates?
A
6-10 km thick, less than 250 million years old, heavy
22
Q
Why do plates move?
A
Convection currents in the mantle cause the slow movement of molten magma and this movement causes the plates to move
23
Q
What are the types of plate boundary?
A
Constructive, destructive and conservative
24
Q
What happens at a constructive boundary?
A
Plates pull apart, allowing magma to rise and cool to form new land
25
What happens at a destructive plate boundary?
Plates are forced together causing a plate to be subducted or for both plates to buckle upwards forming fold mountains
26
What happens at a conservative plate boundary?
Plates slide past one another without crust being formed or destroyed
27
How do constructive plate boundaries work?
The plates will pull apart, allowing magma to flow up to to surface and cool.
28
What happens if two oceanic plates meet?
The heavier will be forced under the other.
29
What will be at a destructive boundary?
Volcanoes and earthquakes
30
What happens if two continental plates collide?
They will buckle upwards to form fold mountains
31
What are conservative plates?
Plates that do not slide past one another easily. The keep colliding with one another causing sudden seismic jolts which in turn cause earthquakes. Eg. San Andreas Fault
32
What is an earthquake?
Imagine powerful forces pushing two huge masses of rock into one another. The rock stores this pressure for a while until it becomes too much. One mass of rock will give way, slipping upwards. The stored energy is released in waves called seismic waves. These waves travel through the Earth in every direction, shaking everything. It is this shaking that is called an earthquake
33
What is the focus of an earthquake?
The point from which the waves emerged. The epicentre is the pint on the surface
34
How are earthquakes measured?
Using a seismometer. They record the shaking on a graph to determine how much energy was released.
35
What is the unit of measurement for an earthquake?
Magnitude, measured on the Richter scale. A 1 point increase on the scale means that shaking is 10 times greater and 30 times more energy is released
36
What is a tsunami?
A tsunami is a series of waves caused by an earthquake on the ocean floor. In deep water the waves might only be in one meter high but in shallow water the waves can be thirty meters high
37
What is a volcano?
A volcano is an opening or crack where magma erupts through the surface. Above the surface this magma is known as lava
38
What happens during a volcanic eruption?
Lots of gas will begin to flow out of the vents before a lava explodes from it
39
What are some benefits of a volcanic eruption?
Good soil, tourism, geothermal energy, valuable materials, fossil fuels
40
What are some disadvantages to volcanic eruptions?
Destruction of surrounding structures and landscape, can interrupt commercial airlines, lahars can be created and are very dangerous
41
Can volcanic eruptions be predicted?
With great accuracy. Methods include seismology, GPS, release of gas and visually
42
What types of aid are used after a volcanic eruption?
Shelters may be provided by charities, military and emergency services mobilised, aid workers come from broad, buildings rebuilt, increased exclusion zone, more early warning systems, people rehoused, electricity and other infrastructure brought back, buildings regulations improved, evacuation procedures reviewed
43
How is development measured?
Using several different indicators like GDP per capita, BR, DR, Adult literacy, people per doctor, access to safe water
44
What type of results from the indicators would be expected in an LEDC?
High BR, high DR, high IMR, low LR, shorter life expectancy, higher number of people per doctor, partial access to safe water
45
What results from the indicators would be expected from an MEDC?
Low BR, low DR, low IMR, high literacy rate, smaller number of people per doctor, longer life expectancy and full access to safe water
46
What is GDP?
Gross Domestic Product. The amount of money a country makes in a year. GDP per person is the amount of money that a country makes in a year divided per head of population. GDP per capita is much more useful because a country might seem to have a massive GDP but migh also have a massive population
47
What is the Brandt line?
The Brandt line is based on the economic divide between the North and South. The North is rich and the South is poor. This line is not straight so look at book for accurate diagram
48
What are some social indicators of development?
Birth rate/1000 per year, death rate/1000 per year, adult literacy %, life expectancy, number of people per doctor, access to safe water
49
What are some economic, indicators of development?
GDP and GNP, GDP per capita, number of cars per household, computers per 1000 people
50
What type of results for each indicator would be expected of an MEDC?
Low BR, low DR, low IMR, high literacy rate, smaller number of people per doctor, full access to safe water, longer life expectancy
51
What results from each development indicator would be expected of an LEDC?
High BR, High DR, High IMR, lower literacy rate, shorter life expectancy, higher number of people per doctor, partial access to safe water
52
What is PPP?
Purchasing Power Parody
53
What is GDP?
Gross Domestic Product is the amount of money a country makes in a year. GDP/person is the amount of money each person would receive if all of a country’s money was split evenly among the population.
54
What is globalisation?
Globalisation is the way in which business, ideas , cultures and lifestyles are spreading around the world
55
What makes globalisation possible?
Key factors include, transport, communication, internet, advertising and technology.
56
How does transport aid globalisation?
Transport has become cheaper and faster, therefore it is easier to travel
57
How has communications helped globalisation?
Communication devices have become more accessible, cheaper and more reliable.
58
How has the internet aided globalisation?
The internet has helped spread knowledge among the masses and made businesses overseas easier.
59
How has advertising aided development?
Makes people want products and increases business.
60
How has technology aided globalisation?
Things have become automated to decrease costs and increase productivity.
61
What is a TNC?
Transnational corporations are companies that have expanded their operations to overseas, becoming recognisable brand names on streets and screens worldwide. They are usually based in MEDCs.
62
Why do companies expand overseas?
To generate more revenue and therefore more profit
63
How do companies go global?
A new product is designed.
An executive is told to outsource production to an LEDC.
A factory owner will take the job and put his workers to task.
The workers are underpaid for their job but cannot complain.
The finished products are sent to the TNC to be delivered to stores around the world
64
What do these sweatshops do for the people of the LEDCs?
Workers in LEDCs often have to work long hours for poor pay in difficult conditions.
If the factory owner says no the TNC will go elsewhere.
If the factory owner pays the workers more, the owner could go bankrupt.
65
What does this outsourcing mean for MEDCs?
Minimum wage in MEDCs is higher so companies make less money.
Sales impacted and therefore profits are reduced.
TNCs try to cut costs by finding cheaper work in NICs and LEDCs.
Many MEDCs find increased unemployment. Approximately 73% of the UK’s working population are in the service industry
66
Is globalisation a good or bad thing?
See table in book
67
What are sweatshops?
Factories which underpay their workers and provide awful working conditions.
68
How can sweatshops be prevented?
```
Educate consumers
Lobby for higher minimum wages
Boycott products
Name TNCs using sweatshops
Enforce a code of ethics
Inspect workplaces
```
69
What is the WTO?
The World Trade Organisation was formed to promote global trade. It is based in Geneva and over 100 countries have joined. It aims to break down trade barriers and solve trade disputes peacefully.
70
Does the WTO work?
Some say that LEDCs are easily exploited.
Some say the WTO favours MEDCs and their TNCs
It has lead to violent protests, especially at the G8 conferences.
With globalisation increasing, trade has become more complicated and necessary for development.
71
What is a trade deficit?
When a country imports more than it exports.
72
What is the Fairtrade Foundation?
A group which guarantee producers in LEDCs get a fair price for their produce. The producers also receive a premium which goes toward improving their condition of life. Fairtrade products often cost more in supermarkets in MEDCs but many consider it a small price to pay for the benefits it gives people.
73
Why is Aid needed?
Aid can be required for many reasons, such as famine or war
74
Why can aid be a bad thing?
Aid can create problems. For example, in times of famine, food is imported cheaply and so farmers receive very little for their surviving produce. Countries can also become dependant on aid.
75
What types of aid are there?
Bilateral aid- aid given from one government to another
Multilateral aid- aid given through an international organisation ag. The UN or World Bank to a country that needs it, 0.7% GDP
Voluntary aid- aid given by an NGO
Tied Aid- aid given by a donor country to a country that requires the country receiving to buy goods or services from the donor country
76
What is the process for growing and producing coffee?
Coffee bean grow on trees
Once ripe they are picked
Beans are washed and left in the sun to dry
Beans are bagged and sold
Some are roasted, others are processed for instant coffee
77
Who are the ten countries with the highest coffee production?
```
Brazil 31.5%
Columbia 11%
Vietnam 10%
Indonesia 6%
India and Mexico 4.5%
Guatemala. 3.5%
Peru, Uganda and Ethiopia. 3%
```
78
Who are the top ten coffee consuming countries?
```
Finland
Norway
Iceland
Denmark
Netherlands
Sweden
Switzerland
Belgium
Luxembourg
Canada
```
79
Why is Fairtrade coffee necessary?
In the past there has been an oversupply of coffee beans. This means that the market price for coffee drops. As a consequence of this, farmers are getting less for their crops than they cost to produce
80
What is a a fragile ecosystem?
An ecosystem that is under threat from human activity or pollution.
81
What type of temperature is it normally in a rainforest?
It ranges between 0.5° C and 32°C. A rainforest will also receive an average of 2100mm of rainfall per year
82
What is a rainforest?
A tall, dense jungle. It is called a rainforest due to the high levels of rainfall that occur here every year.
83
Why are rainforests important?
More than half of the animal species exist in rainforests. At least 2/3 of the plant species exist in rainforests. Many products that we use at home come from rainforests, such as medicine, pineapple, rubber and cinnamon
84
What is an equatorial climate?
Hot and wet throughout the year. No winter or summer. Occurs within 10° of the equator
85
What are emergents?
The tallest trees in the rainforest. Normally up to 60m tall
86
What is the name given to plants that grow on trees?
Epiphytes
87
Where do most of the animals in the rainforest exist?
In the canopy layer (just below the emergents)
88
What is the under-canopy?
The young, shorter trees and the bushes
89
What are buttress roots?
Roots that grow out the way instead of straight down. This helps the emergents to stay up as well as allowing them to absorb more nutrients
90
What is a biome?
A community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in.
91
How many biomes are there?
7
92
How are fragile ecosystems harmed?
```
Polluting the environment
Extracting resources
Global warming
Farming
Development
Tourism
Transport
```
93
Why are rainforests being destroyed?
Land for farming
Logging
Mining
Transport
94
Why are rainforests important?
Many chemicals and drugs come from plants found in rainforests
Destruction of habitats leads to extinction of animals
Soils get washed away
Local tribes lose their ancestral home
People lose oxygen
95
How can we protect rainforests?
Educate people, restore damaged areas, only allow ecotourism, follow sustainable development schemes such as agroforestry, afforestation, selective logging, forest reserve and satellite monitoring.
