a room with a view Flashcards

(95 cards)

1
Q

“she promised us south rooms with a view… instead of which here are north rooms” pg3

A

has literal significance which becomes metaphorical
- promise vs reality ; highlight theme of deception
- south facing rooms = beauty freedom, wider perspective
- northrooms= confines of society
-initial disappointment sets the tone for the novels exploration of licys journey to self discovery

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2
Q

“she knew the intruder was ill-bred, even before glancing at him” pg4

A

shift in focalisation, narrator is mocking the english
- pervasive influence of class distinctions in edwardian society
- judgements predicated not on individual behaviour but on social standing
- ‘ ill bred’- notion of lineage and ancestry
- entrenched snobbery and superficial value system of the time

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3
Q

“now the old man attacked miss bartlet almost violently” pg5

A

hyperbole of charlottes attitudes, comic effect
- dramatisation of trivial social interactional and inflate them to a level of scandal
- ironic; the real attack is from charlottes own constricted judgemental world view
- microcosm of forsters broader critique

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4
Q

“no one would take him as a clergy man” pg10

A

suggest members of church uphold a negative rep
- theme appearances vs reality ( recurring motif )
- Mr beebe is neither sanctimonious not spiritually overbearing but rather unprejudiced and open minded
- by forster stating how Mr beebe is perceived to be rather than who he is= critiques social fixation on external markers of identity

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5
Q

” have you ever noticed that there are people who do things which are most indelicate and yet at the same time beautiful
“are not beauty and delicacy the same”” pg 11

A

views on female beauty.
- pivotal in articulating lucys surfacing awareness of the dissonance between societal expect. and authenticity
- juxtaposition; challenges conventions of vic ideals on beauty
- foreshadowing of lucys inner transformation
- charlotte immediate interjection reveals the conservative ideals lucy is being conditioned to adopt

  • additionally ‘ are beauty and delicasy not the same ting’ - could be a manifestation of the more repressed aspect of lucys psyche; charlotee is embodiment of latter
  • charlottes words is lucys own articulation of her internalised anxieties
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6
Q

“free him from all superstitions and ignorance that lead men to hate one another in the name of God” pg27

A

cricisism of religion, question/ challenge of authority
- ‘free’ imagery of entrapment .
- ‘ superstitions and ignorances’ underscore the irrational almost fantastical nature of these believes. framing them as baseless myths rather than genuine spiritual truths
- his criticism isn’t of faith itself but of institutions that distort core messages ( links to GOL_
- renders it almost blasphemous

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7
Q

the poem on page28 “ from far, from eve and morning and you twelve winded sky, the stuff of life to knit me blew ither here am i “

A

allusion to A.E housman
- known for his collection of A Shropshire Lad
- his poems categorised by its melancholic tone . emphasis on fleeting youth and unrequited love
- eg ‘ winded sky’ = sense of emotional turbulence, mirrors inner conflict of lucy
- he was gay ; resonating with roster

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8
Q

pg34 “somewhat chilly in his attitude towards the other sex preferred to be interested rather than enthralled”

A

subtle implication that mr. beebe is homosexual. Froster was gay .
maurice - novel about a gay relationship published 1971
- sense of detached demeanor ; concealed part of his identity

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9
Q

what is something interesting about the link between chapter 3 and chapter 4

A

no lapse in time, narrative continues smoothly from chap3
- sense of immiedency and continuity
- narrative flow mirrors then way moments likewhen l was with g can linger in ones mind,
- making of a new chapter; shift in perspective or thematic focus

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10
Q

pg40 “ there is so much that is immortal in this medieval lady . the dragons have gone, and so have the knights but she still lingers in our midst”

A
  • trope of medieval literature
  • critique of outdated victorian values that persist into the more progressive edwardian society
  • underscores charlottes anachronistic nature
  • medieval lady lingers suggests and almost intrusion or tresspassing
  • ## frosters subtle plea for the edwardian era to assert itself
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11
Q

“lucy does not stand for the medieval lady” pg41

A

archetype she doesnt feel alligned with.
she is the epitome of a more edwardian, liberal lady
- medieval lady ; femininepassivity and confinement ( lingering influence of vic )
- foreshadowis her emerging desire for autonomy and future transformation
- links w George who embodies a freer progressive and liberal personality compared to cecil
- connection underscores synchrony y

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12
Q

” then she bought a photograph of Botticelli birth of venus “ pg 41 what type of painting is the birth of venus

A

nude. rennaisance painting
- quintessential presentation of renaissance
- celeb of nude form without shame ; era that embraces sensuality and renewed appreciation of human body
- lucy buying ts is a subtle act of rebellion
- encapsulates an inward to desire to break free
- resonates with Mr emersons statement “ we shall enter it ( the garden of eden ) when we no longer despise our bodies “; semantic link.adam and eves expulsion markedthe commence of ‘ bodily shame ‘;
- lucys attraction to venus suggests a longing to return to a state of innocence and self acceptance

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13
Q

“neptune was already unsubstantial in the twilight” pg 41

A

rennaisance.
neptune ; god of sea reference to methology figure of immense power but ‘ unsubstantial’ suggests his power waning.
twilight= referred to as ‘ fairyhour’
- Neptune - decline of victorian values ; shifting landscape of edwardian england
- twilight; new ways of thinking ; moment of transformation
- dreamlike/ fairy tale quality of twilight may be linked to lucy and georges relationship
-

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14
Q

pg45 “ she stopped and leant the elbows against her parapet of the embankment. he did likewise “

A

mirroring body lang.
suggests mutual connection and synchrony
- almost unconscious connection between them
- RL transcends intellectual and social constructs
- physical synchronisation- fate ?

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15
Q

pg 48 “ the river was a lion that morning in strength, voice and colour “

A

reflects Lucys inward emotion. foster uses this to show lucy strong emotion for George
- ironic as in vic society women were denied strength , voice and individuality
- devoid of vibrant self expression
- lion= power and dominance ; her emotions are fierce and uncontrollable
- nautical imagery= emotional overflow
- her emotions are flowing and expanding

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16
Q

pg 48 “ for a moment she understood the nature of ghosts “

A

goerge haunting her thoughts
- spectral presence
- ‘ for a moment’ = liminal state of clarity
- ‘ ghost’ supernatural entities on the periphery of the tangible world
- her being haunted by George = possession, transgression. ts uncomfortable 4 her

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17
Q

pg50 “ i shall introduce some humorous characters. and let me give you all a fair warning. i intend to be unmerciful to the british tourist”

A

METAFICTION. miss lavish outlines exactly what froster is doing.
froster is speaking through character
- draws attention to the constructed nature of the narrative
- mouthpiece for roster- ts creates layer of ironic detachment , inviting reader to join in the act of observing and criqiuing the British tourist

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18
Q

pg 54 “ how wonderfully people rise these days “

A

edwardian era - rise in social mobility, people could change their social status. this didnt exist in the victorian era
- sarcastic tone
- ‘ rise’ = carries both literal and figurative connotations
- may evoke a more ceestial and transcental ascent
- forster highlights the hollowness of such aspirations

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19
Q

” looked them over for a day or 2”

A

expect to be treated like royalty, have a certain view of what is proper
- condescension
- transactional approach to human interaction; reducing people to objects of scrutiny

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20
Q

pg61 “Lucy elegantly dressed in white”

A

white- purity, and innocence. ( often wornby brides )
foreshadows a future transformation
- roster uses ts to create an sense of inevitability
- redefinition of purity ? not state of passive innocence but of authenticity

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21
Q

“violets, like other things existed in great profusion, there would she like to see them”

A

overwhelming sense of natures beauty, reflects her emotions
violets- symbol of georges love and progressive development of their relationship
violents - traditionally associated with romanance, awakanining and love

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22
Q

pg61 “ she looked on the expedition as the work of fate”

A

sense of divine intervention.
fate has bought them together in order to avoid celestial irony.
this concept mirrors the notion of lovers being bought together by forces beyond their control in other texts like Sonnet 116 ‘star to every wandring bark’

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23
Q

what is the mythical allusion nd significance of the italian couple ; 1) persephone

A

Persephone- greek mythology is the goddess of the underworld, sent their to rule with Hades ( god of underworld and king of dead )
she was allowed to return to her mother Demeter,(goddess of harvest ) once a year in spring .
represents rebirth and renewal + cycle of life .
the trip takes place in spring- significant of Lucys metaphorical rebirth and awakening

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24
Q

what is the mythical allusion of the use of Phaethon chapter 6 ; italian couple

A

Phaethon- greek mythology
son of Helius ( god of sun), his job was to drive the sun chariot across the sky to mark the passing of each day . he loses control and nearly burns the earth down causing Zeus ( King of gods, ruler of the sky, god of thunder )to strike him down with a thunderbolt.
froster uses him to create characterisation around the young italian male who drives the english tourists into the coutnryside for their trip + may be foreshadowing to mark georges future impulsivness

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25
are the italian couples foiles to lucy and george
Foil- ( character who contrasts with the protaganist to highlight the protagonists traits ) yes becuase they are physically affectionate and emotionally expressive. lucy feels envious as she and george are overly restrictive and repressed by other characters . froster uses ts to indirectly show us Lucys true feelings
26
pg65 " it is not victory, its defeat. you have parted two people who were happy " - Mr emerson " dont go fighting against the spring"
mr emerson fights for young couple, tries to intervene dont fight fate , let things be suggests he believes in the notions of loves fate introduced prior . could be pointed, indirect instruction to seize the day and act upon their feelings
27
what does the " war not with the may " reference
italian poet ; lorenzo. - subtly subversive - appears to be a small literary reference; but under it is a radical exhortation to reject norms of english upper class - call to resist internalised repression; don't have war with a possibility outside values constraints
28
pg 66 " do you suppose there is any difference in spring in nature and spring in man " - mr eager
hes very victorian in his attitudes , overly opinionated ( he made very serious allegations that mr emerson killed his wife chapter 5 ) controlling, judgemental , protentious and lacks grace. claims it to be a 'victory' when the young italian couple are seperated his attitudes is reminicent in the way in which organised religion is portrayed in the garden of love - blake " thou shall not writ on the door "
29
chapter 5; " it was too dreadfull not to know whether she was thinking right or wrong " "this solitude oppressed her , she was accustomed to have her thoughts confirmed by others "
- microcosm of lucys internal conflict ; to the extend shes been conditioned by her social environment - ' dreadful' lucy is almost paralaysed by the absence of external guidance ; - ' not to know whether she was thinking right or wrong "- inabibility to discern her own thoughts from the expectations of others -' right / wrong' thinking itself is policies - ' solitude oppressed her' paradox , solitude = liberation, autonomy. - feels crushed with the responsibility of self determination
30
"Mr Beebe indeed noticing her startled eyes at dinner time , had again passed to himself the remark of too much Beethoven "
- her emotions towards george is physically manifesting itself despite her attempts to repress it - lucys source of authentic expression= source of discontent - ' too much beethoven' ironic as lucys rl w music = established a form of emotional escape and self expression - upper class conflate art with mere performance - Mr beebes kind and helpful nature shows that even the more insightful characters are still complicit in broader societal repression; shows how ingrained these values are - beethoven= passionate and intense
31
"no charlotte but i am most certainly coming with you" "for a moment she understood the nature of ghosts " pg 48 "it was tiresome for charlotte to stop exactly where she did " " since she could not unravel the tangle she should take care not to reenter it "
she wants to go with charlotte only to avoid george but tht doesnt help as charlotte takes her everywhere they went. lucy cant escape the spectre of what occurred -fate = inexorable force . dirupts her attempt to maintain ts facade - charlottte= agent of fate, irony
32
"the river was a lion that morning, in strength voice and colour"
reference to river in zoomorphic terms echos the "roar of an unexpected melody" at the end of the encounter with george in the end of chapter 3 . froster uses the river to denote lucys strong emotion
33
pg52 " of the many things lucy was noticing today , not the least remarkable as this; the ghoulish fashion in which respectable people will nibble after blood , george emerson has kept the subject strangely pure "
lucy realises that respectability is much more than the superificial codes of behaviour. lucy begins to see victorian characters as much more distateful mr froster highlights this nto the reader in chapter 1 after mr emerson offers a room exchange and they concluded that he was rude -ghoulish fashion” to expose the darker, parasitic nature of Victorian society. The adjective “ghoulish”, with its connotations of the supernatural and the demonic, presents the so-called “respectable people” as predatory, almost vampiric entities, sense of cannabalism - nibble” is deceptively diminutive, suggesting a covert, insidious attack rather than an overt act of violence. It underscores the subtle, insidious way in which the social elite (represented by Charlotte, Cecil, and even Lucy herself) erode individual vitality under the guise of propriety. -consuming of blood functions as a metaphor for how society saps the spirit, passion, and authenticity -George Emerson as the one who has “kept the subject strangely pure” is both ironic and thematically significant. George, the supposed outsider and radical, is framed as the sole figure untouched by the bloodlust of social conformity, -imagery of blood and consumption also aligns with the broader literary tradition of using vampiric metaphors to critique societal exploitation, echoing works like Bram Stoker’s Dracula george is showing her a different view to things through this froster is extending the idea that she cannot escape thoughts of george
34
"her heart warmed towards him for te first time" chapter 4
her ability to feel without restraint or concern regarding propriety - its her heart that feels , not mind ; shift from repression to genuine feels - suggests deeper transcendent and spiritual connection; contrast w edwardian notions around marriage ( social convenience and familial alliances) - - warm vs repression; ' warmed' contrast w the coldness and anxiety associated w expectation
35
"complained.. one man was stabbed and another held her in her arms" "wings seemed to flutter inside of her"
- juxtaposition of stabbing and tenderness sugggetss both events carry equal emotional weight for lucy - wings( ambiguity vs reality) ?= freedom and sovrenty , desire to flee from her social expectation+ angelic and celestial quality, wings are associated with angels ; links 2 fate and divine intervention - stabbing= loss of control and intrusion of chaotic and visceral emotions, she feels same w her emotions to George emotinal reaction beyond the physical: sense of divine levis 'seemed' suggests uncertainty , lack of understanding of this new emotion. lack of definitive statement
36
"nothing ever happens to me "
ironic. foreshadowing overall the chapter 4opens and closes w reference to music : lucy sense of freedom and emotional expression. subtle way of conveying passion and talent
37
what mythical allusion is portrayed in chapter 6
perpesphone ( used to create atmosphere and enhance central theme of awakening) and phaeton ( used to create humour about the young and reckless driver )
38
who is perpesphone
greek mythology, goddess of the underworld, send their to rule with hades . permitted to return to her marj Demeter once a year in spring represents rebirth and renewal + cycle of life. trip takes place in spring;represents lucys metaphorical rebirth
39
who is phaethon
son of helios , the sun God . his role was to drive the sun chariot across the sky to mark the passing of each day . Helius was reckless and careless driver . used to create characterisation around the young italian male who drives the english tourists into the countryside for the trip perhaps he couldbe a foreshadowing tool for Georges prospective reckless and impulsive nature.
40
what is Lucys attitude towards the events with George
disorientated, confused , avoiding him, refused to continue any intimacy w him , unable to decipher her own feelings notion that 'fate' has interceded and brought them together 'celestial irony' this concept mirrors the infamous notion that lovers can and are brought together by factors outside of their control in other texts ' star to every wadnring barke' sonnet 116
41
what is the significance of the italian couples
FOIL to lucy and george physically affectionate and emotionally expressive lucy feels almost envious . contrasts with the repressive and contaminated nature of their relationship foster uses them to counterpart G and L , thereby showing us lucys true emotions
42
would it be wise to argue that Mr Emerson is a romantic
fights for the young couple, states ' dont go fighting against the Spring' ie. whats meant to be should be accepted and surrendered to. lexis 'spring' upholds a distinctive significance as it is in spring when these events are taking place . an indirect instruction for lucy and george to seize the day " carpre diem"
43
how is Mr eager presented in the novel
opinionated and dogmatic makes unfound allegations about Mr Emerson murdering his wife in chapter 5 chapter 6= claims it to be a ' victory' when the young couple are made to go their seperate ways his judgmental and constraining attitude is reminiscent in the way organised religion is portrayed by Blake in the Garden of Love ' Thou shall not writ on the door'
44
what was the atmospheric imagery in chap 6
-reminiscent of rennaisance art; shes presented as a divine angelic entity in a white dress and being 'enveloped in light and beauty'. reinforced with the references to greek mythology and characters - landscape covered in blanket of violets ' blue waves' 'spots of azure foam' 'rivulets and streams' ' the primal source whence beauty gushed out to water the earth' water imagery ' gushed' reminiscent of the river Arno in previous chapters . we know froster uses this to indicate Lucys strong emotions landscape and tranquility reflective of her mind and emotions
45
what about chapter 9- relationsjip/ kiss with cecil
wood- kiss takes place in limited light title of the chapter has connotations of objectification. It becomes evident that Cecil perceives Lucy as an object rather than a person—a hollow figure devoid of emotion, agency, or individuality. She exists in his gaze primarily as an aesthetic entity, valued for her beauty rather than her humanity. the buildings mentioned in this chapter are ' gothic' suggesting the medieval as opposed to rennaisance
46
compare setting and sound in chapter 6 ( with G) compared to chap 9 ( w cecil)
chapter 6; - italian countryside in the spring = rennaisance meadow - still and tranquil reflecting Lucys state of mind , for once not in conflict 'gushing ' of the 'primal source' reminds us of the river arno which is used to represent her strong emotion chapter 9; english countryside ' the Sacred lake' the setting would suggest a quiet location . the 'whispering pines 110' the leadup to the kiss is filled with dialogue between them; awkwardness and formality between them. ' she stammered' = onomatopoeia conveys maladroitness
47
difference in colours and light used in chap6 and chap 9
c6; -violet , blue ,brown. white dress; full of life -light plays an important role in continuining the angelic theme c9; - crimson, gold green. autumn? all representative of subdued colour associated with medieval art - light has almost been muted . darkness show lack of passion
47
47
difference in the kiss between george and cecil
george; spontaneous . he acts on impulse . suggests genuine feeling and passion cecil; ' a failure' formality, out of obligation . business like transactio
47
compare the symbols in chap6 and chap 9
chap6; repeated reference of spring greek mythology ; perpesphone and phaethon; associated with spring and fate spring= freedom and liberalism , rebirth . still of the meadow represents stillness and lack of conflict within luc chapter 9; road/ wood - represents convention. lucy behaves conventionally in cecils presence room/ view ; lucy associating cecil with a room reflects the rigidity and old fashioned nature of his character autumn; associated with death and decay puddle ; represent the shallow nature of their relationship and its superficiality in contrast to the abundance of water in c6
47
48
difference in the role played with other characters in c6 compared with c9
c6; the young italian couple ; counterpoint l and g , what they coudve been if it wasnt for the desire for societal acceptance . expressiveness stark contrast with lucys restriction c9; lucys reference to the emersons is indicitive to that shes possibly been thinking about george . another example of froster showing rather than telling
49
similiarities in the first kiss between L and G and C and G
- water imagery is used in both; represents varying degrees of emotion "gushing"- passion. "puddle" a lack thereof. - natural setting used in both, connotations of romanticisism -lucys behaviour is influenced by the males in the chapter , plays along with kiss in chapter 6. + mirrors inexpressiveness of cecil in c9 ' she gave such a business like lift to her veil ' -structure; both kisses occur at the end of the chapter . previous sections influence nature of them - chapter ending refect its impact ( one
50
what are the differences between the kisses between l and G and l and C
- lucy and cecil have attended a garden party in the neighbourhood, a pre arranged outing contrasts to lucy avoiding behaviour towards george; it being 'fate' bringing them together -ones in a meadow and one is in the woods , light vs dark -seasons are different and imagery is affect; one with george is strongly linked with the rennaisance and spring ( celestial images ) - tranquil atmosphere in c6 reflective of Lucys emotional state, incoherent aqnd meaningless dialogue in c6- awkwardness and robotic -c9 - more prosaic due to the dialogue and lead up
51
" the garden of eden which you place in the past is really yet to come, we will enter it when we no longer despise our bodies"
- garden of eden is a quintessential . void of pain and suffering - adam and eve realise their nakesness and become shames. from here humanity was to suffer and feel pain -a return to natural appreciation of our bodies will mean a new age of quality and liberty for humanity - mr emerson belief that is it yetto come= hopeful in tone and outlook ts only possible when manand girl equal - suffragetes actively campagining at the time of ts novel - froster and bloomsbury group members were in support for votes for womenn
52
page 88 " i know his mother , hes good, hes rich, hes well conneted , oh you neednt kick the piano hes well connected - ill say it again if you like ; hes well connected " ( miss honey church about cecil)
reveals the social dynamics and the prioritization of status within Victorian society. - rhythmic, almost chant-like insistence on this phrase underscores the pivotal role social connections played in shaping one’s value and opportunities, especially in the context of marriage. - This is an era where personal fulfillment was frequently secondary to the demands of social standing and convenience. - nothing substantial could be said about his character
53
pg 88 Mr beebe says " Mr Vyse is an ideal bachelor " , i asked him what he meant he said " Oh , hes like me- better detached "
This quote subtly raises speculation about Mr Beebe’s sexuality. By calling Vyse an “ideal bachelor” and aligning himself with being “better detached,” Mr Beebe seems to praise emotional distance from women and traditional relationships. In Edwardian society, “bachelor” could be a euphemism for a man who does not marry—often used to discreetly describe homosexual men. Given E.M. Forster’s own sexuality and the repression of queer identities at the time, Mr Beebe’s detachment may reflect a quiet resistance to heteronormative expectations. His admiration for Vyse’s emotional reserve hints at a shared identity that avoids romantic entanglement with women, potentially suggesting a coded expression of homosexuality.
54
pg 76 " she lifted them to the ceiling where the griffins and bassoons were colorless and vague, the very ghosts of joy
This moment references the vivid description in Chapter 2—“pink griffins and blue amorini sport in a forest of yellow violets and bassoons”—creating a structural contrast. The once vibrant ceiling is now “colorless and vague,” mirroring Lucy’s emotional state. As she grapples with the aftermath of her kiss with George, the joy and clarity she once felt are replaced by confusion and repression. The “ghosts of joy” reflect her loss of emotional clarity and foreshadow her internal conflict. This links to Chapter 5’s line, “for a moment she understood the nature of ghosts,” reinforcing how emotional truth is haunting her. The imagery of faded colour suggests Lucy’s detachment from her own desires under the weight of social expectation.
55
pg 65 "it is not victory, it is defeat. you have parted 2 lovers who were happy "
- mr e= dissenter to social norms - 'defeat' = battle imagery mind vs heart , society vs autonomy = central theme of frosters - frames rejection of love as a moral loss
56
" do u suppose theres any difference between spring in nature and spring in man"
- mr eagers arrogance and sense of entitlement - elevating humanity to a position of power over the natural world - places himself on a pedestal akin to nature itself - extreme hubris - emphasises self importance and detachment from reality
57
" no i want to be really truthfull, i am a little to blame. i had silly thoughts. te sky you know was gold, and the ground blue and for a moment he looked like some1 from a book" pg 74
Lucy’s claim of wanting to be “truthful” is undercut by her self-dismissal — calling her emotions “silly” reveals how deeply social norms shape her self-perception. Describing George as “someone from a book” reinforces the idea that he represents a romantic fantasy, distant from what she feels she deserves. The irony of her striving for honesty while repressing her true feelings emphasises how her thoughts are not truly her own, but products of a repressive, class-bound society.
58
"all her spasms, her courage , moments of unreasonable joy should be laid perfectly before er cuzz. and togeter in divine confidence tey would disintangle and intepret them all" pg 75
This passage highlights Lucy’s deep dependence on others — particularly Charlotte — to make sense of her emotions. The adjectives “spasms,” “courage,” and “unreasonable joy” suggest that even her most personal and positive feelings are viewed as chaotic or inappropriate. The verb “disentangle” implies that joy itself is something to be unravelled and corrected, revealing how distorted her perception has become under social pressure. The phrase “divine confidence” is deeply ironic: while it evokes a sense of moral righteousness, it subtly critiques the Victorian belief that repression and conformity are virtuous, exposing how damaging this ideology is to individual freedom and emotional truth.
59
pg 75 " she refused veemently . music seemed to her the employment of a child "
This denial is strikingly unnatural for Lucy, who is elsewhere shown to find music a vital emotional outlet — a private space where her repressed desires and frustrations find form. Her “vehement” refusal suggests not a genuine belief, but rather an almost compulsive need to suppress any trace of vulnerability or imagination. That she compares music to “the employment of a child” may ironically gesture towards the innocence and emotional honesty she is being conditioned to reject. Alternatively, it hints at the therapeutic function of music — a medium through which her 'inner child' is momentarily soothed. The intensity of her denial ultimately underscores the extent to which Lucy has internalised the expectations of a society that devalues individual feeling, especially in women, in favour of propriety and restraint.
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pg 85 " they were heavy curtains reaching almost to te ground and the light filtered throug tem was subdued and varied . a poet , none was present might have quoted 'life like a dome of many coloured glass or might of compared te curtains to sluice gates lowered against the intolerable tides of heaven. without was poured the sea of radiace "
The “heavy curtains” function as a layered symbol of emotional and intellectual repression, emblematic of both Cecil and the broader Victorian social order. Their weight and reach “almost to the ground” conveys the stifling influence of convention — an image of containment that suggests Lucy’s impending marriage threatens to suffocate her individuality and halt her emotional development. The light that filters through is “subdued and varied,” recalling the aesthetic of medieval stained art: beautiful, but dimmed — hinting at the aestheticisation of repression in Victorian life, where art and morality become instruments of constraint rather than liberation. reference to “a poet—none was present” gestures toward the absence of imaginative or creative vitality in this world. It’s a wry, ironic moment; Forster implies that such poetic insight is unwelcome in Cecil’s rational, ordered environment. The allusion to Shelley’s “Life, like a dome of many-coloured glass, stains the white radiance of eternity” points to the idea that experience, filtered through convention (or stained glass), obscures the sublime. The curtains, likened to “sluice-gates lowered against the intolerable tides of heaven,” take this further: they do not merely dim the light, they actively resist transcendence. In this sense, they are not only aesthetic but defensive — barriers erected against feeling, passion, and divine spontaneity. Outside lies “the sea of radiance,” symbolising the freedom, emotional truth, and unmediated beauty that Lucy is being kept from. Thus, this moment becomes a critique of the emotional sterility fostered by Victorian social norms, and of Cecil’s world in particular — a place where imagination is absent, where everything significant is occurring just beyond reach, behind the “curtains” of conformity.
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pg 86 " its his third go isnt it "
flippant phrasing reduces Cecil’s repeated proposals to a trivial pursuit - the word “go” evokes a game or trial, - suggesting that marriage, for him, is a process of attrition rather than a union of equals. The dismissive tone captures the absurdity of his persistence and reveals an underlying sense of entitlement, - as though Lucy’s acceptance is inevitable if he tries often enough. Forster’s dry -, ironic narrative voice subtly mocks Cecil’s lack of emotional intelligence, positioning him as a figure more interested in acquiring Lucy than truly understanding her. - wider critique of Edwardian (and lingering Victorian) courtship rituals, where women are treated as passive recipients of male desire. -Cecil’s approach reflects a transactional model of marriage, in which social compatibility and personal ambition override emotional depth. In presenting Lucy’s engagement as something initiated through repetition rather than intimacy, Forster exposes the hollowness of conventional romance and the oppressive gender dynamics embedded within it.
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" lucy seems very uncertain and in tese days young people must decide for themselves "
- Victorian authoritarianism and Edwardian liberalism - in these days” — suggesting a recognition, albeit possibly reluctant, that individual agency is becoming more socially acceptable.
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quickly summarise te edwardian era
-1901–1914) The Edwardian period was a time of transition between the strict moral codes of the Victorian age and the social upheavals of the modern 20th century. -arly rumblings of change: the rise of the women’s suffrage movement, greater educational and professional opportunities for women, and a growing questioning of class hierarchies and imperial values. -Forster captures this cultural in-betweenness. Lucy embodies the “modern” Edwardian woman — hesitant, yet pulled toward emotional and intellectual freedom. Characters like Cecil represent the hangover of Victorian idealism and control, while George, and even Mr Emerson, point toward the freer, more emotionally honest possibilities of the modern age.
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"he was medieval, like a gothic statue ..... and a head tilted a little higher than the usual level of vision. " "he remained grip with a certain devil the modern world knows as self consciousnes " pg 90
- desrcibes cecil as bot archaic and imposing - teatrical self aggrandisement - gothic statue= symbolic resonance ; they were depicted as saints and holy figures placed at entrances of catedrals ; ( stood between outside world and sacred interior - hes a barrier to lucys growt and empowerment - elevation of head position= superiority complex - ' self consciousness'- irony from froster ; undercutting his grandiosity
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pg 93 " he ougt to introduce her innto more congenial circles as soon as possiblee"
highlights cecils snobbishness and his desire to reshape lucy into his ideal of the perfect victorian woman - views himself as socially superior saviour - inherent selfishness and performative nature of his character
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whats significant about chapter 8
- no focalisation from perspective of lucy; lack of agency and emotion ; - empasises the fact that this engagemet is purely 4 public approval
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pg 103 " that a womens power and charm reside in mystery, not in muscular rant"
reflects a quintessential victorian archetype of femininity ; one that's built on the objectification and silencing of women - paradox ; power= visibility , confidence and assertieness . feminine power= being muted and subordination - ' muscular rant'- reinforces rigid binary opposition between genders . fear of female agency - muscular rant evokes the ' muscular christianity' ethos od the time during the 19th century
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pg 104 " the oudoor world wasnt very familiar to him"
- highlights cecils disconnection from nature ; his confinement within the rigidi world of intellectualism and social decorum - pivotal motif of indoor vs outdoor - emphasis that he's a product of medieval conventions
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( of the sacred lake ) " its only a puddle now " pg 111
- solidifies the idea that this relationship is shallow like the lake, built for social approval - erosion of lucys child like wonder and untamed sensuality - lucys diminishing capacity for emotional and spiritual growth w cecil -
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112-113 " she gave a businesslike lift to her veil " "that it had been a failure , ( passion) should forget civility and consideration and all other curses of refined nature "
- transactional and emotionally stagnant nature of rl w cecil - relationship built on social propriety rather than genuine connection - mechanical perfunctory gesture - cecils declaration steeped in ironic absurdity; - his entire persona is predicted on the very civility and consideration he now derides - that fact that its cecil who declares the kiss a failure ; extend of his self centerdness ' silencing lucys focalisation
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" lucy was standing flower like by the water"
- flowers are beutiful , fragile but also rooted in place - alligns with cecils attempts to contain and control - flowers are often cut off at the stem; cecil attempts to sever her from her natural vitality and spontaneity - water= fluidity , freedom; anticipates the latter line " they heard the river bearing down the snow of winter into the Mediterranean"; - roster uses ts for metaphor or emotional liberation; foreshadows lucys metamorphosis
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pg 113 " for he believed that women revere men for their manliness "
- deep seated adherence to hyper masculine ideals - male worth contingent upon patriarchal notions of manliness - A03= victorian ideal of hegemonic masculinity ; stoicism , control - frosters critique aligned with emerging discourse of ' New Man' 20th century ;; challenged rigidi gender roles and embraces equal sensuality and sensitivity -' manliness' rooted in artifice ; facade and hollow performance ; is he like lucy deceiving and lying to himself in order to fit in a predertmined social construct
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pg 122 " he stared at her and felt again that she had failed to be Leonardesque; her face was inartistic that of peevish virago "
-shes an aesthetic subject ; his interest in her is purely superficial - ' stared' = detached gaze; judging - ' failed' ; her lack of conformity is shameful and affront - misogynistic world view - dehuminises her ' inartistic' - lifeless void canvas alligns with the previous chapter name " lucy as a work of art " ( theme ; appearance vs reality " - virago= historically to label women as domineering and unfeminine ; her individuality is a threat 2 him
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pg 114 "the society outof which cecil proposed to rescue lucy "
- self appointed roloe as lucys savior ; patriarchal worldview ; - vic notion around female fragility - ' rescue '= suggests entrapment or endangered ' ironic - laughable display of his own self importance - snobish eliticsm
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pg 126 " Now some beethoven "- called cecil .... she shuck her head and played schumann"
- subtle defiance against social expectationd - beethoven= music lucy previously played ( intensity, passion)= reflect her internal conflict - cecils demand fore beethoven = attempt to exert control - schumann= sensitivity and introspection ; foreshadows lucys growth
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pg 128 " the cry of a nightmare ..... i am so sorry mrs vyse it is these dreams , bad dreams ? just dreams "
- state of emotional repression and denial - ' these dreams '- ambiguous - 'just'= diminutive qualifier ; linguistic shield - 'nightmare' = microcosm for broader existential conflict
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what did freud 1990 say about dreams
- considered dreams to be the royal road to the unconscious as it is dreams that the ego defenses are lowered so that some of the repressed material comes through to awareness, albeit in distorted form - roster woudve been familiar with this theory as he wrote this novel in 1908
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pg 131 " the garden of eden, which u place in the past is really yet to come. we shall enter it when we no longer despise our bodies ......but not until we are comrades shall we enter the Garden "
- radical reconfiguration of conventional christian doctrine - frames eden as utopian ideal that humanity should strive towards - ' comrades ' dismantles heierachal structures , advocates for a spiritual and existential egalitarianism that rejects gender roles - comrades suggests a platonic almost fraternal equality between women and men - idea of eden as a future not a past, reflects longing for a society where authentic love can be freely expressed ( roster gay)
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pg 135" water sky ever greens , a wind, these things not even the seasons can touch , and surely they lie beyond the intrusion of man
- listing of natural elements; bring a sense of tranquil imagery to the chaotic undercurrents of the novel - ' not even seasons can touch' = elevates them to a permeance transcending the sheer cycle of nature itself , suggests true beauty and truth are eternal -' surely' = uncertainty ; nature vs society ( characters like Mr eager who conflate the power of nature within humanity ' do you suppose there's any difference between spring in nature and spring in man' - ' intrusion' presence is disruptive . parasitic - nature metaphor for the liberated self ; critique of vic era obsession w control and categorisation
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pg 135 "water water " murmured george ..... he followed freddy into the divine "
- chant invokation hypnotic effect - water= fluidity, emotional release and transcendence of rigid victorian structures - water here ain't a physical element but a symbolic medium . - ' into the divine' = baptism and spiritual renewal - sacred lake= site of rebirth; shed of social identities and reconnect w nature - catharsis ; echoing romantic emphasis on nature
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pg 138" that evening and all that night the water ran away. on the morrow the pool had shrunk to its old isze and lost its glory . it has been a call to the blood and to the relaxed will a passing benediction whose influence did not pass, a holiness, a spell. a momentary chalice for youth
- ' ran away' brief moment of transcience - quasi religious undertone ; baptism orchestrated by nature rather than a religious institution - ' relaxed will' suggests detachment and a state of surrender from societal restraints - ' a passing benediction who influence didn't pass' = paradox, experience is fleeting yetit impact endures - not only washes of original sin but the sins imposed by society l snobbery, classism and self importance . - links to Mr E assertion that ' passion is sanity '
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pg161" for the only relationship which cecil conceived was feudal that of protector and protected. he had no glimpse of the comradship after which the girls soul yearned "
- feudal = medieval power dynamic , cecil imagines himself as a lord/ protector . infantilises her ' had no glimpse= blindless to lucy emotional needs - subtle foreshadowing ; the comradship lucy earns for is embodied by George , the same man cecil glares down at and dismisses as common and unworthy .
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pg 169 " the armour of falsehood is subtly wrought out of darkness , and hides a man not only from others but from his own soul "
- armour and falsehood is antithetical , armous= protection and falsehood= deception - suggests lucys falsehood is derived from her desire to protect herself or for charlotte to protect her - 'subtly'= how insidious self deception is - she is splintering her own identity , creating a dissonance between her authentic self and her socially constructed persona
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pg 174 " he is the sort who are all right so long as they keep things- books , pictures but kill when they come to people
- highlights cecils emotional disconnect from humanity ' kill' spiritual death - critques edwardian upper class who retreat to arrt and literature to maintain social superiority yet remain detached from human interaction - material vs human ; evident in way he attempts to mold lucy into an idealized artistic object
85
you of all women , listen to his voice instead of your own"
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pg175" this desire to govern a women lies very deep and men and women must fight it together before they shall enter the garden of eden ......... i want you to have your own thoughts even when I hold you in my arms"
- powerful counterpart to cecils objectifiation - George demonstrates empathy for cecil - GOE= egalitarian state of innocence - his plea for l to have her own thoughts is tender and authentic , subverts common notion of masculinity - frosters choice to frame this as a joint effort between men and women subverts conventional binaries , advocating for collective approach to gender equality - critical perspective ; frosers direct critique of patriarchal dominance with contemporary feminist ideals that challenge the victorian views on gender - George acknowledges that cecil is as much a victim of patriarchal conditioning as lucy
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pg175" i have been into the dark and I am going back into it , unless you will try to understand
- vulnerability and dependence on lucys recognition and empathy - ' have been' past tense ; he's endured this period of spiritual and emotional stagnation when apart from lucy - conditional clause = unless ; he needs her - dark= mulitfaced metaphor ; association w medieval era -' into the dark'= entrapment . drawn back into a mental state of decay. akin to the lifeless medieval art - 'dark'= rejection of the archaic emotional repressed values embodied by characters akin to cecil - modernist perspective = might align w georges plight w broader existential crices aced by characters of the 20th century ; reflecting dislocation , alienation and spiritual fragmentation of the modernist conditon
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pg 176 " some emotion- pity , terror , love but the emotion was strong, seized her and she was aware of autumn . summer was ending and the evening brought about odours of decay . the more pathetic because they were reminiscent of spring "
- encapsulates lucys intenral conflict - interplay of seasons ; metaphor for the turmoil - juxtaposition of pity terror and love mirrors her fragmented school of thought and mind - ' seized' = violent uncontrollable possession. lucy @ mercy of her emotions - platheroa of all seasons into one sentence symbolises her conflicting emotions , torn between her idealised memories of spring ( kiss w George ), fading warmth of summer ( the reality shes living in ) and the decay of autumn ( her engagement w cecil) - interplay between light and dark , vitality and decay echos the gothic tradition seen in texts such as withering heights by emily bronte , where the seasons reflect cathy and heathcliffs turbulent love
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whats siginficant about chapter 17
continuationg directly from chapter 16 known as en media mes. - sustains the emotional intensity of previous scene - alligns with principles of psychological realism . continuous flow= lucys disroientated emotions
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pg 178 " i dont understand you, you arent like yourself . your tired lucy"
- patronising and condescending - ' your tired'= trivial euphemism and linguistic minimalism to belittle and invalidate her feelings - ' you arent like yourself' = ironic given the presentation lucy has gotten from cecil as a figure of aesthetic fascination, ' a work of art' ( links to the aesthetic movement ) - sociocultural perspective = his inability to understand women encapsualtes their role within a capitalist and patriarchal system, appearance rather than substance
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pg 190"it was really a ruse of lucy to justify her despondency, a ruse of which she was not herself conscious for she was marching in the armies of darkness"
- ironic as ruse suggests a ploy to deception, however ts is self deception - unwillingly participating in her own repression - disconnect w herself - armies of darkness= are armies of denial . marching= lack of agency - narrative intrusion