A Road to Pakistan: Major Developments Flashcards
1859-onwards
Efforts for regeneration
Educational and philosophical movements
1867
Hindi-Urdu controversy
1873
Urdu Defence Society
1885
Formation of Congress
1888
Indian Patriotic Association
Late quarter of 19th Century
Hindu Extremist Movements
1890s
Communal riots
1903
Muhammadan Political Association
1903
The Partition of Bengal
1906: The Creation of Muslim League
On the occasion of 20th Mohammadan Education Conference, Nawab Viqar ul Mulk in Dhaka moved a resolution calling for an organization to be established with the name of All India Muslim League
AIML Objectives
To promote amongst the Muslims of India loyalty to the British and to remove any misconception that may arise
To protect an advance the political rights and interests of Muslims
To represent their demands and aspirations to the government
To prevent the rise of any feelings of hostility towards other communities
The Morley-Minto reforms 1909
The Indian Councils Act 1909 (9 Edw. 7 c. 4), commonly known as the Morley-Minto Reforms was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that brought about a limited increase in the involvement of Indians in the governance of British India.
The Lucknow Pact 1916
An agreement reached between theIndian National Congressand theMuslim Leagueat the joint session of both the parties, held inLucknow, in the year 1916.Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then a member of the Congress as well as the League, made both the parties reach an agreement to pressure the British government to adopt a more liberal approach toIndiaand give Indians more authority to run their country.
The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms 1919
For the first time official British document mentioned the possibility of self-rule.
Hindus and Muslims were disappointed with the reforms
Rowlatt Act 1919
Right of arrest without warrant
Detention without bail
Jinnah resigned from Legislative Council in Protest
The Khilafat Movement 1919 (1/10)
British promised that the status of caliph will be respected
17 October 1919, All India Khilafat Conference
Objective was to pressurize Britain to keep its promises
Role of Jauhar Brethern, Abul Kalam Azad
The Khilafat Movement (2/10)
Local Tactics:
To boycott British goods
To abstain from any Viceroy celebration
To adopt a policy of Non cooperation
The Khilafat Movement (3/10)
Hindu’s participation Congress decided to use Muslim agitation to:
Press the British for further concessions on self rule
To show Muslims that Hindu-Muslim unity was beneficial
December 1919, 2nd Khilafat Conference (4/10)
Unprecedented Hindu-Muslim unity
It was agreed to merge the activities of Congress, Muslim League and Khilafat Conference
Gandhi was made head of the three
The Most serious threat to Britishers (5/10)
British titles were rejected
British good were boycotted
Schools and colleges were emptied
Lawyers refused to appear in British courts
There were problems in army units
Diplomatic activities (6/10)
January 1920 a Khilafat deputation of 35 people called on the Vicerory
(Ali brethern, Jinnah, Gandhi and Abul Kalam Azad)
February 1920 a delegation was sent to Europe
(7/10)
June 1920, after the imposition of post war terms on Turkey, in All Parties conference, a decision to launch non cooperation movement was taken.
1920, A call for hijrat, migraton by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Maulan Abdul Bari.
The 3rd and Final Khilafat Conference 1921 (8/10)
The same tactics of the First conference were reiterated
Ali brethren were arrested
Blow to Hindu-Muslim Unity (9/10)
1922 Chaura Chauri event
—An enraged mob burnt a police station in which 22 policemen died.
—Gandhi decided that swraj movement was getting too violent
—Called off the attempts to remove the British
End of the Khilafat Movement (10/10)
March 1924, new Turkish government abolished the Khilfat Institution
Muslims learnt great lessons
1924-1928
Discussions on the reforms proposals in the sub-continent
A seven-member commission headed by Sir John Simon was made which was to begin its inquiry in 1927
The Nehru Report 1928
APC was called to try to define some principles which might govern future constitution of India
It was an effort to pre-empt the publication of Simon commission
Question of Muslim rights
If full religious liberty is granted, there is no need for separate electorate
There should be no reserved seats for Muslims
The concept of weightage should be abolished
Unitary form with strong centre
The Fourteen Points 1929
‘The parting of the ways’
The Allahabad Address 1930
In this address Iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India, thus becoming the first politician to articulate what would become known as theTwo-nation theory.
(Iqbal later stated in his letters he meant autonomy not independence)
Round Table Conferences 1930-1932
Simon Commission Report was published in1930
The Report was rejected by Hindus and Muslims
The British announced to have round table talks in London to discuss the framework for future constitution
Three conference were held but failed
1935-1940
The Government of India Act 1935
Elections in 1937
World War II
22 December 1939, Day of Deliverance
The Pakistan Resolution 1940
Discussions amongst Muslims from 1930-1940 resulted in the Lahore Resolution that demanded the separate state for Muslims.
1940-1947
The Cripps Mission, March 1942
The Quit India Movement, August 1942
Jinnah-Gandhi Talks 9 September-27 September 1944
1946 Elections
The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946, last effort to keep India under the British rule
26 August 1946, ML , A Direct Action Day
3rd June Plan 1947 (1/2)
A formula for the partition of the sub-continent. Acc. To which:
British was to transfer power to the two states of Bharat (India) and Pakistan
Muslim majority areas were to be independent
1935 Act was to be interim constitution
Military and financial assets were to be divided
3rd June Plan 1947 (2/2)
A boundary commission was to be established to determine exact demarcation
Sindh was given the option to vote for Pakistan
Muslim members of Punjab and Bengal were given the choice to vote for Pakistan
If Muslims of Punjab voted for Pakistan then there was to be referendum in NWFP
Baluchistan— vote—-???
Problems in implementation of 3rd June Plan
Relationship between the British and new states
Status of princely states
How much share of assets should Pakistan get
Votes on partition/no partition
Bengal Assembly— 20 June—partition
Punjab Assembly—23 June—Partition
Sindh Assembly—-26 June—-Partition
NWFP— 6-17 July— referendum—Pakistan
Balochistan—internal discontent—
(Jirga (tribal Assembly) acceded to Pak.
Radcliffe Award (1/2)
Commission headed by Sir Cyril Radcliffe
comprised of four members 2 each nominated by Congress and ML
To determine the boundaries of East and West Punjab and Bengal
Announced on 16 August 1947
Radcliffe Award (2/2)
In Bengal
Calcutta—– commercial hub
In Punjab
Gurdaspur —– give India access to Kashmir
Firozpur—- contain canal headworks which control waters coming into Pakistan
14 August 1947
Creation of your home!
