A Road to Pakistan: Major Developments

Question 1

1859-onwards

Answer 1

Efforts for regeneration
Educational and philosophical movements

Question 2

1867

Answer 2

Hindi-Urdu controversy

Question 3

1873

Answer 3

Urdu Defence Society

Question 4

1885

Answer 4

Formation of Congress

Question 5

1888

Answer 5

Indian Patriotic Association

Question 6

Late quarter of 19th Century

Answer 6

Hindu Extremist Movements

Question 7

1890s

Answer 7

Communal riots

Question 8

1903

Answer 8

Muhammadan Political Association

Question 9

1903

Answer 9

The Partition of Bengal

Question 10

1906: The Creation of Muslim League

Answer 10

On the occasion of 20th Mohammadan Education Conference, Nawab Viqar ul Mulk in Dhaka moved a resolution calling for an organization to be established with the name of All India Muslim League

Question 11

AIML Objectives

Answer 11

To promote amongst the Muslims of India loyalty to the British and to remove any misconception that may arise
To protect an advance the political rights and interests of Muslims
To represent their demands and aspirations to the government
To prevent the rise of any feelings of hostility towards other communities

Question 12

The Morley-Minto reforms 1909

Answer 12

The Indian Councils Act 1909 (9 Edw. 7 c. 4), commonly known as the Morley-Minto Reforms was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that brought about a limited increase in the involvement of Indians in the governance of British India.

Question 13

The Lucknow Pact 1916

Answer 13

An agreement reached between theIndian National Congressand theMuslim Leagueat the joint session of both the parties, held inLucknow, in the year 1916.Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then a member of the Congress as well as the League, made both the parties reach an agreement to pressure the British government to adopt a more liberal approach toIndiaand give Indians more authority to run their country.

Question 14

The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms 1919

Answer 14

For the first time official British document mentioned the possibility of self-rule.

Hindus and Muslims were disappointed with the reforms

Question 15

Rowlatt Act 1919

Answer 15

Right of arrest without warrant
Detention without bail
Jinnah resigned from Legislative Council in Protest

Question 16

The Khilafat Movement 1919 (1/10)

Answer 16

British promised that the status of caliph will be respected
17 October 1919, All India Khilafat Conference
Objective was to pressurize Britain to keep its promises
Role of Jauhar Brethern, Abul Kalam Azad

Question 17

The Khilafat Movement (2/10)

Answer 17

Local Tactics:

To boycott British goods
To abstain from any Viceroy celebration
To adopt a policy of Non cooperation

Question 18

The Khilafat Movement (3/10)

Answer 18

Hindu’s participation Congress decided to use Muslim agitation to:

Press the British for further concessions on self rule
To show Muslims that Hindu-Muslim unity was beneficial

Question 19

December 1919, 2nd Khilafat Conference (4/10)

Answer 19

Unprecedented Hindu-Muslim unity
It was agreed to merge the activities of Congress, Muslim League and Khilafat Conference
Gandhi was made head of the three

Question 20

The Most serious threat to Britishers (5/10)

Answer 20

British titles were rejected
British good were boycotted
Schools and colleges were emptied
Lawyers refused to appear in British courts
There were problems in army units

Question 21

Diplomatic activities (6/10)

Answer 21

January 1920 a Khilafat deputation of 35 people called on the Vicerory
(Ali brethern, Jinnah, Gandhi and Abul Kalam Azad)
February 1920 a delegation was sent to Europe

Question 22

(7/10)

Answer 22

June 1920, after the imposition of post war terms on Turkey, in All Parties conference, a decision to launch non cooperation movement was taken.
1920, A call for hijrat, migraton by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Maulan Abdul Bari.

Question 23

The 3rd and Final Khilafat Conference 1921 (8/10)

Answer 23

The same tactics of the First conference were reiterated

Ali brethren were arrested

Question 24

Blow to Hindu-Muslim Unity (9/10)

Answer 24

1922 Chaura Chauri event
—An enraged mob burnt a police station in which 22 policemen died.
—Gandhi decided that swraj movement was getting too violent
—Called off the attempts to remove the British

Question 25

End of the Khilafat Movement (10/10)

Answer 25

March 1924, new Turkish government abolished the Khilfat Institution

Muslims learnt great lessons

Question 26

1924-1928

Answer 26

Discussions on the reforms proposals in the sub-continent

A seven-member commission headed by Sir John Simon was made which was to begin its inquiry in 1927

Question 27

The Nehru Report 1928

Answer 27

APC was called to try to define some principles which might govern future constitution of India

It was an effort to pre-empt the publication of Simon commission

Question 28

Question of Muslim rights

Answer 28

If full religious liberty is granted, there is no need for separate electorate
There should be no reserved seats for Muslims
The concept of weightage should be abolished
Unitary form with strong centre

Question 29

The Fourteen Points 1929

Answer 29

‘The parting of the ways’

Question 30

The Allahabad Address 1930

Answer 30

In this address Iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India, thus becoming the first politician to articulate what would become known as theTwo-nation theory.
(Iqbal later stated in his letters he meant autonomy not independence)

Question 31

Round Table Conferences 1930-1932

Answer 31

Simon Commission Report was published in1930
The Report was rejected by Hindus and Muslims
The British announced to have round table talks in London to discuss the framework for future constitution
Three conference were held but failed

Question 32

1935-1940

Answer 32

The Government of India Act 1935
Elections in 1937
World War II
22 December 1939, Day of Deliverance

Question 33

The Pakistan Resolution 1940

Answer 33

Discussions amongst Muslims from 1930-1940 resulted in the Lahore Resolution that demanded the separate state for Muslims.

Question 34

1940-1947

Answer 34

The Cripps Mission, March 1942
The Quit India Movement, August 1942
Jinnah-Gandhi Talks 9 September-27 September 1944
1946 Elections
The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946, last effort to keep India under the British rule
26 August 1946, ML , A Direct Action Day

Question 35

3rd June Plan 1947 (1/2)

Answer 35

A formula for the partition of the sub-continent. Acc. To which:
British was to transfer power to the two states of Bharat (India) and Pakistan
Muslim majority areas were to be independent
1935 Act was to be interim constitution
Military and financial assets were to be divided

Question 36

3rd June Plan 1947 (2/2)

Answer 36

A boundary commission was to be established to determine exact demarcation
Sindh was given the option to vote for Pakistan
Muslim members of Punjab and Bengal were given the choice to vote for Pakistan
If Muslims of Punjab voted for Pakistan then there was to be referendum in NWFP
Baluchistan— vote—-???

Question 37

Problems in implementation of 3rd June Plan

Answer 37

Relationship between the British and new states
Status of princely states
How much share of assets should Pakistan get

Question 38

Votes on partition/no partition

Answer 38

Bengal Assembly— 20 June—partition
Punjab Assembly—23 June—Partition
Sindh Assembly—-26 June—-Partition
NWFP— 6-17 July— referendum—Pakistan
Balochistan—internal discontent—
(Jirga (tribal Assembly) acceded to Pak.

Question 39

Radcliffe Award (1/2)

Answer 39

Commission headed by Sir Cyril Radcliffe
comprised of four members 2 each nominated by Congress and ML

To determine the boundaries of East and West Punjab and Bengal

Announced on 16 August 1947

Question 40

Radcliffe Award (2/2)

Answer 40

In Bengal

Calcutta—– commercial hub

In Punjab
Gurdaspur —– give India access to Kashmir
Firozpur—- contain canal headworks which control waters coming into Pakistan

Question 41

14 August 1947

Answer 41

Creation of your home!