A review of inflammatory mediators

Question 1

Groups of Eiconosanoids?

Answer 1

prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, epoxides

Question 2

What do Eiconsanoids do?

Answer 2

control cellular function in response to multiple signals (inflammation)
act through paracrine and autocrine function thus affecting cells that produce them or adjacent cells

Question 3

Synthesis of inflammtory mediators?

Answer 3

1. stimulus/ligand binds to tansmembrane receptor
2. cause an increase in PL-A2 and PL-C which cleaves SN2 and releases arachidonic acid
3. PL-c through IP3 causes signal transduction to increase the stimulus and DAG to cleave…

Question 4

Higher concentration of which prostalgandin in arthritis?

Answer 4

PG-A2

Question 5

Most common phospholpases?

Answer 5

A2, C

Question 6

IP3 causes release of?

Answer 6

Calcium

Question 7

what does PLC or phospholipase C do?

Answer 7

converstion of PIP2 to IP3 and DAG

Question 8

DAG cause increase of?

Answer 8

PKC

Question 9

From arachidonic acid what enzyme makes prostaglandins?

Answer 9

cyclooxgenase

Question 10

What does lipoxygenase convert arachidonic acid to? what inhibits it?

Answer 10

leukotrienes

Leukotriene inhibitors

Question 11

What inhibits cyclooxygenase?

Answer 11

glucocortiocoids

COX-inhibitors

Question 12

Antiinflammtory Prostaglandin?

Answer 12

PGE3

Question 13

TXA2?

Answer 13

made from arachidonic acid/PGH2
enzyme TXA2
produced in platelets
vasoconstrict
hemostasis

Question 14

PGI?

Answer 14

from arachidonic acid/PGH2
enzyme PGI synthase
produced in endotherlial cells
vasodilation
inhibit hemostasis

Question 15

PGE synthase?

Answer 15

PGH2 to PGE

Question 16

PGD synthase?

Answer 16

PGH2 to PGD

Question 17

NSaids?

Answer 17

nonspecific inhibit all PG synthesis

tissue specific

Question 18

Prostaglandin found in mast cells, brain, airways?

Answer 18

PGD2

Question 19

Prostaglandin found in brain, kidneys, VSMCs, platelets?

Answer 19

PGE2

Question 20

Cyclooxygenase?

Answer 20

3 cox enzymes
cox 3 is a splice variant of COX1
diff tissues express vary levels of COX1/2
COX1 is considered a constituitive enzyme found in most tissues and COX 2 is an inducible enzyme

Question 21

Consitutive enzyme? inducible enzyme?

Answer 21

COX1 COX2

Question 22

Acetaminophen works on?

Answer 22

cox3 in the brain

Question 23

COX3 part of eiosanoid signaling?

Answer 23

no

Question 24

Aspirin biochemical mechanism?

Answer 24

Acetylsalicylate binds to Active cyclo-oxygenase to form inactive Cyclo-oxygenase

releases Salicylate at the same time

Question 25

Does acetaminophen or ibuprofen inactive cyclooxygenase?

Answer 25

no

Question 26

Uric acid crystals do what to osteoblasts?

Answer 26

increase

Question 27

increased levels of PGE2 does what to osteoclast precursors?

Answer 27

increase

Question 28

Describe action of prostaglandins?

Answer 28

shorted lived, quick response, g protein coupled receptors

Question 29

Steroidogenic acture regulatory protein?

Answer 29

sTAR endocytosis brings LDL into the cell

Question 30

Adrenal gland?

Answer 30

located on the kidneys responsible for steroid hormone synthesis 3 layers medulla of the glad is important for catecholamines

Question 31

Rate limit step in cholesterol synthesis?

Answer 31

CYP11A1, Cholesterol to pregnenolone

Question 32

Pregnenolone to Progesterone?

Answer 32

3beta HSD

Question 33

Progesterone to 17alpha hydroxy progesterone?

Answer 33

CYP17

Question 34

CYP17 also?

Answer 34

Pregnenolone to 17alpha hydroxy pregnenolone

Question 35

17alpha hydroxy progesterone to cortisol?

Answer 35

CYP21A, CYP11B1

Question 36

ACTH induces?

Answer 36

adrenal cortex to make steroids

Question 37

Zona glomerulosa?

Answer 37

ACTH can stim aldosterone synthesis but this area is primarily regulated by Ang II and extracellular K has receptors for AngII and expresses CYP11B2

Question 38

HPA axis?

Answer 38

Hypothalamus releases CRH from CRH neurons Anterior Pituitary releases ACTH from Corticotropes Andrenal cortex releases cortisol from Fasiculata cells

Question 39

Regulates Hypothalamus?

Answer 39

increase release ACh, 5-HT, NE, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNFalpha decrease release NE, GABA, cortisol

Question 40

Regulate Anterior pituitary?

Answer 40

increase release IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNFalpha decrease release cortisol

Question 41

Cortisol release controls?

Answer 41

negative feedback to Anterior pituitary and Hypothalamus, and to Immune system, lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils

Question 42

Immune system, etc release?

Answer 42

IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNFalpha all stim Hypothalamus and Anterior pituitary

Question 43

Gluccocoritcoid effect on immune cells? (cortisol)

Answer 43

decrease cytokine production form macrophages inhibit histamine release and prostaglandins from mast cells, suppress t cell activation, and inhibit release of histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes from eosinophils

Question 44

Glucocorticoids affect metabolism?

Answer 44

increase vitamin D, decrease glucose uptake, increase glycogen synthase, increase parathyroid hormone, increase IGF-1

Question 45

Androstenedione to Testosterone?

Answer 45

17beta HSD

Question 46

Testorsterone to estradiol?

Answer 46

aromatase