A&P Week 5-9 Flashcards
tendon sheaths
tube-like bursae that wrap around tendons. Subject to a great deal of friction
calcium homeostasis
Parathyroid gland that secretes PTH when calcium levels drops.
Osteoclasts are stimulated to increase bone resorption & calcium is released.
PTH also stimulates the production of calcitrol absorption in the intestines.
medullary cavity
hollow space within the diaphysis. contains bone marrow
epiphysis
each end of the bone at the joints
sulcus
furrow on bone for passage of blood vessel, nerve, or tendon
meatus
tube-like opening
condyle
rounded projection with a smooth articular surface
fibrous joints
Types- sutures, syndesmoses, interosseous membranes.
Lack a synovial cavity
Articulating bones are held together by dense fibrous connective tissue
Permit little or no movement
functional classification of joints
Synarthroses- Allow no movement. EX- Suture, gomphosis
Amphiarthroses- Allow little movement. EX- pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks.
Diarthroses- freely movable. EX- hip, knee, shoulder, elbow.
repair of bone
Reactive Phase- early inflammatory phase
Reparative Phase- includes formation of fibrocartilaginous callus first & a bony callus second
Bone Remodeling Phase- last step as the bony callus is remodeled.
4 types of bone cells
Osteoprogenitor- bone stem cells able to differentiate into the other types of cells
Osteoblasts- bone building cells that secrete matrix
Osteocytes- mature bone cells
Osteoclasts- remodel bones & cause them to release calcium
facet
smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface
head
usually rounded articular process supported on a neck
crest
prominate ridge or elongated process
calcitonin
removes calcium from the blood stream when blood calcium is high & stores it in the bones
endochondral ossification
Replaces cartilage with bone in the developing embryo & fetus.
Also occurs in epiphyseal plates of long bones as they grow in length.
paranasal sinuses
Mucus membrane lines cavities in the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid & ethmoid bones
Used for resonating chambers to enhance voice
Increases surface area of nasal mucosa & help moisten it.
fontanels
Mesenchyme filled spaces between cranial bones present at birth.
They close up beginning at 6 months-2 years
periosteum
connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis
spongy bone
lightweight and provides tissue support
sutural bones/sutures
Small extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones/
Jointed areas where flat bones come together
synovial joints
Have a synovial cavity
Have a large range of movement
bone forming situations
Embryonic and fetal development
When bones grow before adulthood
When bones remodel
When bones heal
axial skeleton
80 bones Skull bones Auditory ossicles Hyoid bones Ribs Sternum Bones of the vertebral column
processes
Projections of outgrowths that form joints
Serve as attachment points for ligaments & tendons
types of bones
Long- greater length than width. EX-Humerus, Femur
Short- cube shaped, length & width are equal. EX-carpals
Flat- thin layers of parallel plates. EX- sternum
Irregular- complex shapes. EX- vertebra
Sesamoid- Shaped like a sesame seed. EX- knee cap
epichondyle
usually roughened projection on a chondyle
line
long, narrow ridge or border
spinous process
sharp, slender projection
cartilaginous joints
Types- synchondroses, symphyses
Lack a synovial cavity
Permit little or no movement
fissure
narrow slit between bones for passage of blood vessels or nerves
foramen
hole for passage of blood vessel, nerve, or ligaments
fossa
shallow depression
pelvic girdle
Made up of coal bones
Illium (wider in females)
Ischium
Pubis
types of joints
Fibrous- immovable
cartilaginous- slightly movable, hyaline cartilage connection
synovial- freely movable
nutrient artery
enter the center of the diaphysis through a nutrient foramen. nutrient veins exit via the same canal
trochanter
very large projection found only in the femur
tubercle
variably sized rounded projection
tuberosity
variably sized projection with rough, bumpy surface
compact bone
good at providing protection and support
curve related pathologies of spine
Scoliosis- increased lateral curvature
Kyphosis- increased thoracic curve bent forward
Lordosis- increased lumbar curve bent backwards
depressions & openings
Allow the passage of soft tissues
Form joints
appendicular skeleton
126 bones
Bones of the upper & lower extremities
Bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
diaphysis
bone shaft
intramembranous ossification
occurs in flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone
carpal bones
Palmar Side Up
Proximal- scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Distal- trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hammate
metaphysis
region between diaphysis & epiphysis
tarsal bones
Talus Calcaneus Navicular Cuboid Medial Cuneiform Intermediate Cuneiform Lateral Cuneiform
joint point of contacts
Two or more bones
Cartilage & bone
Teeth & bone
periosteal arteries
accompanied by nerves. enter the diaphysis through volkmann’s canal. accompanied by periosteal veins.
bursae
sac like structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another
endosteum
thin membrane lining the medullary cavity
arthroplasty
joint replacement surgery
