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A&P > A&P week 3 part I: Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

A&P week 3 part I: Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Circulatory system (DYK)

A

The circulatory system has a length equivalent to 100,000 kms.

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2
Q

What is cardiovascular system also known as?

A

Circulatory system

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3
Q

What is the role of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Pumps blood containing nutrients and oxygen through the arteries to the cells where metabolism takes place.
  • Waste products from the cellular metabolic process are then returned through the veins and are excreted by the excretory organs.
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4
Q

What does cardiovascular system consist of?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood
  3. Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
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5
Q

Heart (DYK)

A

The heart pumps about 1.5 gallons of blood every minute. Over the course of a day, that adds up to 2000 gallons.

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6
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid that accounts for about 8% of total body weight and translates into about five or six liters in males and four or five liters in females (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013).

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7
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

Blood is a fluid connective tissue that is composed of:

  1. Plasma
    - Water and soluble proteins, nutrients, hormones etc.
  2. Formed elements
    - erythrocytes (red blood cells)
    - leukocytes (white blood cells)
    - platelets (thrombocytes)
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8
Q

What does ‘-cyte” mean?

A

Mature cells

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9
Q

What are the functions of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets (thrombocytes)?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC):
- transports oxygen and carbon dioxide..

Leukocytes (WBC):
- protects the body from attacks by viruses, bacteria, toxins, parasites and tumour cells

Platelets (thrombocytes):
- coagulates blood to prevent blood loss.
- forms blood clot aka a scab.

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10
Q

What are the functions of blood in terms of Distribution?

A

Distribution:
1. Delivery of oxygen from the lungs.
2. Delivery of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to all cells in the body.
3. Transport of hormones from endocrine organs to target organs.
4. Transport of metabolic waste products from cells to various elimination sites.
5. Elimination of carbon dioxide.

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11
Q

What is the function of blood in terms of Regulation?

A

Regulation:
1. Maintenance of body temperature.
2. Maintenance of normal pH in body tissues.
3. Maintenance of proper fluid volume in the circulatory system.
4. Preventing serious changes in blood pH.

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12
Q

What is the function of blood in terms of Protection?

A

Protection:
1. Prevention of infection, via the actions of antibodies, complement proteins, and WBCs.
2. Prevention of blood loss via the actions of platelets and plasma proteins, which begin clot formation or stop blood loss.

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13
Q

Heart (DYK)

A

By the time a person reaches the age of 70,
the heart will have contracted about 2.5 billion times.

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14
Q

How much blood does an adult heart pump every day?

A

4000 gallons (approximately 8000 liters)

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15
Q

How many times does the heart beat each day?

A

Approximately 100,000 times each day

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16
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

The heart is located more to the left side of the chest cavity than the right.

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17
Q

What is the valves of the heart?

A

Tricuspid valve:
- located between the right atrium and right ventricle
- Closes during ventricular contraction to prevent backflow into the right atrium. Chordae tendineae prevent inversion.

Pulmonary valve:
- located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
- opens during right ventricular contraction, closes to prevent backflow when the ventricle relaxes.

Mitral valve:
- located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
- Opens to allow blood flow from the left atrium to left ventricle; closes during ventricular contraction to prevent backflow.

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18
Q

What are the 2 separate circulatory routes called?

A

the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.

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19
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A
  • a system of blood vessels that carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart.
  • the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into a short artery called the pulmonary trunk.
  • the pulmonary trunk then branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries, transporting blood to the right and left lung, respectively.
  • within the lungs, gas exchange occurs between the air in the lungs and the blood. Two pulmonary veins exit each lung. All four of the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
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20
Q

What is the systemic circulation?

A
  • The systemic circulation is the system of vessels that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the tissues of the body and back to the right atrium.
  • Oxygenated blood entering the heart from the pulmonary veins passes through the left atrium into the left ventricle.
  • The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta.
  • Blood flows from the aorta to all parts of the body.
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20
Q

Pulmonary vessels

A
  • Transport blood from the right ventricle, through the lungs, and back to the left atrium.
  • Arteries (pulmonary artery) carry only deoxygenated blood. Pulmonary veins carry only oxygenated blood.
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21
Q

Systemic vessels

A
  • Transport blood from the left ventricle, through all parts of the body, and back to the right atrium.
  • Arteries (aorta) carry only oxygenated blood
    veins (venae cavae) carry only deoxygenated blood.
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22
Q

What are the 5 types of vessels in our body?

A
  1. arteries
  2. arterioles
  3. capillaries
  4. veins
  5. venules
23
Q

What is the structure, function and key characteristics of Arteries

A
  • thick, muscular walls; elastic fibers.
  • carry blood away from the heart.
  • high pressure; pulsatile flow
23
Q

What is the structure, function and key characteristics of Arterioles

A
  • thinner walls than arteries; smooth muscle layer.
  • control blood flow through vasoconstriction.
  • regulate blood pressure and flow to capillaries.
24
Q

What is the structure, function and key characteristics of Capillaries?

A
  • single layer of endothelial cells.
  • exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste.
  • very thin walls for easy exchange.
25
Q

What is the structure, function and key characteristics of Venules?

A
  • thin walls with less muscles than arterioles.
  • collect blood from capillaries.
  • very low pressure.
26
Q

What is the structure, function and key characteristics of Veins?

A
  • thin walls with valves; less muscular than arteries.
  • return blood to the heart.
  • low pressure; valves are present to prevent backflow.
27
Q

When blood leaves the left ventricle, which of the following does it enter?

A

Aorta

28
Q

Between which of the following is the location of the mitral valve?

A

Left atrium and left ventricle

29
Q

What is the blood circulation of the heart?

A

The heart is nourished via the coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the entire body and the functional blood supply of the heart.

30
Q

What are the different parts in the coronary circulation?

A
  1. The first two aortic branches are called the right and left coronary arteries.
  2. The left coronary artery runs toward the left side of the heart, whereas the right coronary artery runs toward the right side.
  3. The coronary arteries deliver blood when the heart is relaxed and have less function while the ventricles are contracting because they are compressed bythe myocardium.
  4. The coronary veins are located along the same paths as the coronary arteries. They join to form the enlarged coronary sinus, emptying into the right atrium.
31
Q

What is a cardiac cycle?

A

The cardiac cycle can be divided into two distinct phases, diastole and systole.

During diastole, the muscles are relaxed and the chambers fill passively with blood. Although there is both an atrial and a ventricular diastole, which differ slightly in their timing, the word diastole is commonly used in reference to ventricular diastole. Systole is when the heart muscles contract. Atrial systole helps fill the ventricles while ventricular systole is responsible for pushing the blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta.

32
Q

How are the normal heart sounds formed?

A

The normal heart sounds, S1 (“lub”) and S2 (“dub”), are produced by the closure of the heart valves. The first heart sound (S1) is produced by the closing of both the mitral (bicuspid) and the triscupid valves.

The second heart sound (S2) is produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves.

These sounds help health professionals assess the functional status of the heart.

33
Q

What is the Electrical Conduction of the heart?

A

Conduction system:
- Heart muscle is self-excitatory and has its own built-in pacemaker mechanism to maintain rhythmic and coordinated activity.
- The sinoatrial (S-A) node is a segment of tissues in the right atrium.
- Excitation begins at the S-A node and spreads to the atrioventricular(A-V) node at the junction of the right atrium and right ventricle, and
then through a bundle of His to the ventricle
walls, causing the heart to beat.

If the SA node becomes dysfunctional, the atrioventricular (AV) node, can take over the pacing of the heart; but it does so at a slower rate than the SA node.

34
Q

What will happen to the level of exercise tolerance in a person whose heart is being paced by the AV node?

A

Level of exercise tolerance will decrease.

35
Q

How is the heart electricity measured?

A

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is used to record electrical changes in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle.

By placing a minimum of three electrodes on the skin in three locations—for example, the left arm, the right arm, and left leg—the electrical signals that initiate contraction of the atria and ventricles can be recorded.

These recordings, or waveforms, are seen on a monitor and are called a tracing. The resultant waveform consists of P, QRS, and T waves.

36
Q

What can ECG tell us?

A
  1. Heart rate: ECG measures the rate at which the heart beats. It helps in identifying if the heart rate is fast (tachycardia), slow (bradycardia), or normal.
  2. Heart Rhythm: It assesses the regularity of heartbeats. ECG can detect irregular heart rhythms, known as arrhythmias, which can arise from various conditions affecting the electrical conduction system of the heart.
  3. Heart Structure: Changes in the patterns of the ECG can suggest enlargement of the heart chambers, problems in the heart muscle, and other structural abnormalities.
  4. Ischemia and Infarction: ECG can show signs of ischemia, a condition where the heart muscle is starved of oxygen. It can also detect signs of a myocardial infarction (heart attack), showing areas of the heart that have been damaged by a lack of blood flow.
  5. Electrolyte Imbalances: Abnormalities in potassium, calcium, and other electrolytes can affect the heart’s electrical activity and can be detected on an ECG.
37
Q

What is pulse?

A
  • Circulatory System Indicators: Pulse rate and blood pressure are key indicators of the circulatory system’s health and functionality.
  • Pulse Rate: The pulse rate generally matches the heart rate and ranges from 70 to 80 beats per minute when the body is at rest.
  • Measurement Sites:
    Radial Artery: Commonly checked at the inner wrist.
    Carotid Artery: Located at the neck.
  • Pulse Strength: The strongest pulses are found in arteries closest to the heart.
  • Heart Rate Variations:
    Tachycardia: A rapid resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute.
    Bradycardia: A slow resting rate under 50 beats per minute, which is common in endurance-trained athletes like marathon runners.
38
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force that blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels. Arterial blood pressure rises and falls according to the cardiac cycle phases.

39
Q

What are the different types of pressure?

A
  1. Systolic pressure (max pressure during ventricular contraction)
  2. Diastolic pressure (lowest pressure that remains in the arteries before the next ventricular contraction)
40
Q

What is the average blood pressure of an adult?

A

120/80.

41
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

measuring the amount of blood pumped by the heart in a minute, reflects its efficiency. Heart rate changes help adjust this output to match the body’s needs.

42
Q

What is the relationship between Cardiac Output (CO), heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV)?

A

Cardiac output represents the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute and is determined by multiplying heart rate (the number of heartbeats per minute) by stroke volume (the volume of blood pumped by the heart with each beat).

CO = HR x SV

43
Q

What happens if there is an increase in HR?

A

More heartbeats per minute lead to higher blood volume pumped, resulting in increased CO.

44
Q

What happens if there is an increase in SV?

A

More blood pumped with each heartbeat increases CO.

45
Q

What happens if there is a decrease in HR or SV?

A

Leads to a decrease in CO due to less blood being pumped per minute.

46
Q

Explain age-related physiological changes in the human body systems

A
  • Increase in collagen and elastin tissues in the heart and arteries, which causes the vessels to become more rigid and thick
  • Some increase in the thickness of the left ventricular wall
  • Increase in fatty tissues in the outermost layer of the heart muscle
  • Thickened and stretched veins and less efficiently functioning valves in the veins, slowing return of blood through the veins to the heart.
  • Calcified, less elastic coronary arteries
  • Some loss of muscle cells in the A-V node and the bundle of His, an increase in fatty fibrous tissue, and amyloid (starchlike protein) infiltration associated with degeneration
  • Significantly decreased number of pacemaker cells (cells that generate
    impulses and determine the rate of heart activity in the S-A node), with a concomitant decrease in the S-A node rate (Tabloski, 2014)
  • Thickening and sclerosis (hardening) of the valve flaps of the heart, especially the tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid), but also in the aortic and pulmonary valves, causing them all to be less efficient and possibly resulting in heart murmurs.
47
Q

What are the age-related functional changes?

A
  • Longer recovery
  • Decline in cardiac output
  • Increase in atrial fibrillation and incidence of heart block
  • Changes in arteries and veins
48
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis

A

it is the hardening of the arteries, is the most common disease of arteries. It is classified as a disease of ageing.

49
Q

What is the most common type of arteriosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis

50
Q

Where is Atherosclerosis often found in?

A

aorta, coronary vessles, and arteries

51
Q

What are the Non-modifiable Risk Factors?

A

Age, Gender (males more at risk) and Family history

52
Q

What are the Modifiable Risk Factors?

A

smoking, obesity, diabetes, elevated lipids, psychological state, hypertension, and inactivity

53
Q

What is Anaemia?

A

Low red blood cells

A&P (4 decks)

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