A & P Unit 1: The Human Body Flashcards
Define the term anatomy.
It studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.
Define the term physiology.
Concerns the function of the body; how body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
What is gross (macroscopic) anatomy? Give 3 examples of gross anatomy.
The study of large body structures that are visible to the naked eye, like the heart, kidneys, and lungs
What is regional anatomy?
Structures in a particular region of the body are examined at the same time (muscles, bones, blood vessels, and nerves)
What is systemic anatomy?
Body structures that are studied system by system.
What is surface anatomy?
The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface (ex: identifying bulging muscles underneath a body builder’s skin)
What is microscopic anatomy?
Structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
Name two subdivisions of microscopic anatomy.
1) Cytology- cells of the body
2) Histology- the study of tissues
What is developmental anatomy?
It traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span
Name a subdivision of developmental anatomy.
Embryology- concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
True or False. Anatomical terminology is used so that people can name its parts and describe how they are related so that other people will have no trouble understanding you.
True
What are the 3 subdivisions of physiology? Describe what each subdivision does.
1) Renal Physiology: concerns kidney function and urine production
2) Neurophysiology: explains the workings of the nervous system
3) Cardiovascular Physiology: examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
True or False. Physiology often focuses on events at the cellular or molecular level.
True
What is the quote for the Complementarity of Structure?
“Function always reflects structure”
List the structural levels of the human body (in order).
1) Chemical Level –> Cellular Level –> Tissue Level –> Organ Level –> Organ System –> Organismal Level
What is the simplest level of the structural hierarchy? (hint: atoms combine to form molecules, like water and proteins)
Chemical level
What level contains the smallest unit of living things?
Cellular level
What level contains groups of similar cells that have a common function (tissues)?
Tissue level
What are the 4 basic tissue types? (Hint: “Every Man Can Nag”)
1) Epithelial Tissue
2) Muscular Tissue
3) Connective Tissue
4) Nervous Tissue
At what level does extremely complex functions become possible?
Organ level
At what level does organs work together to accomplish a common purpose?
Organ system level
What is the highest level of organization? (hint: human beings)
Organismal level
What does a highly organized human do?
1) Maintain boundaries
2) Movement
3) Responsiveness/Excitability
4) Digestion
5) Metabolism
6) Excretion
7) Reproduce
8) Grow
True or false. Maintaining boundaries occurs when humans’ internal environment remains distinct from the external environment.
True
Name the 2 subdivisions of movement.
1) Skeletal System
2) Contractility
True or False. Responsiveness or Excitability is the ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them
True
What is the process of breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood called?
Digestion
What are chemical reactions that occur within the body cells called? (Hint: “it is a state of change”)
Metabolism
What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?
Catabolism- breaks down substances into simpler building blocks
Anabolism- synthesizes more complex substances from simpler building blocks
What is the process of removing wastes from the body called?
Excretion
What levels do reproduction occur at?
Cellular and Organismal Level
True or False. Growth is a decrease in the size of a body part of organism as a whole
False.
Growth is an INCREASE in the size of a body part or organism as a whole
What is the ultimate goal of the body systems?
To maintain life via survival needs
List the survival needs of the human body.
Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal body temperature, and Appropriate atmospheric pressure
What percentage of the air we breathe is oxygen?
20%
What is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body?
Water
What is the rate at which normal body temperature should be maintained?
37 degrees Celsius/ 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
How is homeostasis maintained? A) Positive Feedback or B) Negative Feedback
B) Negative Feedback
True or False. Homeostasis is the ability to maintain relatively stable conditions even though the outside world changes continuosly.
True
What is the term for a factor or event being regulated?
Variable
List all of the components of the Homeostatic Control Center
Stimulus –> Receptor –> Input sent along Afferent pathway –> Control Center –> Receives output along the Efferent pathway –> Effector –> Response = B A L A N C E
