A&P Theory CH6 Flashcards
skeleton system
Long Bones
tibia
fibula
Phalanges
Femur
Clavicle
metatarsals
Flat Bones
Ribs
Cranial
Sternum
Irregular Bones
Vertebrae
Pubis
Ilium
ischium
SHORT BONES
Carpals and Tarsals
TRUE OR FALSE
Damage to the epiphyseal plate in a prepubescent individual could stunt bone development.
TRUE
The cartilaginous epiphyseal plate allows the bone to continue to grow in length; damage to this region can lead to early ossification of the plate
where Diaphysis and Epyphisis meet
metaphysis
_____________ is an opening into the humerus which gives passage to the blood vessels of the medullary cavity
Nutrient Foramen
The flat bones of the skull form through __________________________ossification.
Intramembranous Ossification
__________________________when bone develops within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue.
Intramembranous Ossification
__________________________bone develops in a cartilage model.
endochondral ossification
Osteoblasts
Cells that form new Bone
Osteoclasts
A type of Bone cell that breaks down bone tissue
Osteocytes
a mature bone cell formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted
Osteogenic Cells
Divide and develop into osteoblasts
Steps of Endochondral Ossification
(6 steps)
Step
1. Mesenchymal cells become chondrocytes.
2. Perichondrium forms, along with the cartilage skeleton of the fetus
3. Capillaries enter, primary ossification develops, and perichondrium becomes periosteum.
4. Osteoclasts break down spongy bone to form the medullary cavity, while cartilage continues to grow at the ends of the bone.
5.. Blood vessels enter the epiphyses and secondary ossification centers form.
6. Cartilage remains at the epiphyseal growth plate
Calcitonin causes an _______________________ deposition of calcium in bone tissue.
INCREASES
Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity, which reduces the amount of calcium ions released into the bloodstream.
When the calcium ion concentration of the blood rises above normal, secretion of the hormone calcitonin __________.
increases the rate of calcium ion excretion
What do
growth hormone and thyroxine do?
circulating hormones that stimulate bone growth
these hormones are produced by the pituitary and thyroid glands
steps occurring in the repair of a fractured bone are,
- Clot formation
- Internal callus formation
- Bone production
- Remodeling
Osteopenia
an adult-onset reduction in bone mass that can lead to osteoporosis
Combination of menstrual dysfunction, low energy, and low bone mass.
Female Athlete Triad
Too much growth hormone is made before puberty.
Gigantism
Too much growth hormone is made after puberty.
Acromegaly
A disease where new bone tissue is weak, brittle, and abnormally shaped.
Paget’s Disease
Brittle bone disease”
Osteogenesis imperfecta
The condition in which a child’s leg bones bend under the weight of the body
Rickets
A cancer where abnormal white blood cells are made
Leukemia
Intramembranous membrane
four steps.
(a) Mesenchymal cells group into clusters,
and ossification centers form.
(b) Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts, which then become
osteocytes.
(c) Trabecular matrix and periosteum form.
(d) Compact bone develops
superficial to the trabecular bone, and crowded blood vessels condense into red marrow.
types of fractures
Stages in Fracture Repair
The healing of a bone fracture follows a series of progressive steps:
(a) A fracture of hematoma forms.
(b) Internal and external calli form.
(c) Cartilage of the calli is
replaced by trabecular bone.
(d) Remodeling occurs.
TRUE OR FALSE
Bone density peaks at about 30 years of age.
TRUE
Women lose bone mass more rapidly
Then Men
TRUE
Pathways in Calcium Homeostasis
The body regulates calcium homeostasis with two pathways;
one is signaled to turn on
when blood calcium LEVELS DROP below normal
one is the pathway that is signaled to
turn on when blood calcium levels are ELEVATED.
