A&P - The Urinary System Flashcards
Name each of the labels on this diagram:
- Urinary System
- Kidney
- Renal pelvis
- Ureter
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
- Adrenal gland
- Renal artery and vein
- Inferior vena cava
- Abdominal aorta
- Common illiac artery and vein
- Liver
- Large intestine
- Pelvis
Name each of the labels on this diagram:
- Renal pyramid
- Interlobular artery
- Renal artery
- Renal vein
- Renal hilum
- Renal pelvis
- Ureter
- Minor calyx
- Renal capsule
- Inferior renal capsule
- Inferior renal capsule
- Interlobular vein
- Nephron
- Renal sinus
- Major calyx
- Renal papilla
- Renal column
Name each of the labels on this diagram:
- Glomerulus
- Efferent arteriole
- Bowman’s capsule or Glomerular capsule
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Cortical collecting duct
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle or Medullary loop
- Collecting duct or Duct of Bellini
- Peritubular capillaries
- Arcuate vein
- Arcuate artery
- Afferent arteriole
- Juxtaglomerular apparatus
What is the function of the urinary system?
To remove waste products from the body, via urine, by filtering the blood in the kidney.
Name the six structures of the urinary system.
Kidneys x 2
Ureters x 2
Bladder x 1
Urethra x 1
Approximatley how long are the ureters (in cm)?
25cm long
Where do the ureters start and end?
Start in the renal pelvis and end in the bladder
How is urine moved through the ureters?
By peristalsis
What is the function of the bladder?
To store urine
Name the three layers of the bladder wall
Outer layer - connective tissue
Middle layer - interlacing smooth muscle
Inner layer - mucosa composed of epithelium
What is the function of the urethra?
Transports urine to the outside of the body
What is the name of the muscle that forms the urethral sphincter?
Detrusor muscle
Why are females more prone to UTIs?
Their urethra is shorter, making it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder
How many litres of blood to the kidneys receive each minute?
1.2 litres
Name 6 functions of the kidneys
- Filter blood plasma and remove waste
- Regulate blood pressure
- Assisting the body if in extreme starvation by producing glucose
- Removing hormones and drugs from the body
- Assisting in the absorption of calcium by producing calcitriol
- Secreting erythropoietin (EPO) which stimulates the production of erythrocytes (Lance Armstrong)
What is the hilium and what can you find there?
The slit that is the opening in to the kidney - allows passage of the renal nerves, renal artery and renal vein.
What is the name of the functional units of the kidneys?
The nephrons
What are the two components of the nephrons?
Renal corpuscle and Renal tubule
What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
Describe the route (8 parts) that filtrate takes through the nephron after leaving the Bowman’s capsule.
- Flows in to the proximal convoluted tubule
- Then in to the Loop of Henle
- Then in to the distal convoluted tubule
- Then in to the collecting ducts
- Collecting ducts combine to make a papillary duct out of the pyramid and in to…
- The minor calyx via the pores
- These combine to make a major calyx
- Which then all flow in to the ureter
What is the medical term for the passing of urine?
Micturition
How many litres of urine will a typical adult expel per day?
1-2 litres
What is the medical term for a urine output of more than 3 litres per day and what medical issues can these occur in?
Polyuria
Can occur in diabetes and kidney problems
What is the medical term for a urine output less than 500ml per day and what issues can cause this?
Oliguria
Can be due to dehydration, renal failure etc
What are the eleven constituents of urine?
- Water
- Urea
- Uric acid
- Creatinine
- Ammonia
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Chlorides
- Phosphates
- Sulphates
- Oxalates
How is urea produced?
Produced from dietry protein. Amino acid is converted in to ammonia and then urea.
How is uric acid produced?
Formed from the break down of purines which can be found in foods such as red meat and fish.
Where is creatinine found?
Found in blood from the breakdown of creatine phosphate (which is stored energy in muscles).
What gives urine it’s yellow colour and how is it formed?
Urochrome
Formed from the breakdown of dead blood cells
What is the medical term for blood in the urine and what can cause it?
Haematuria
Can be caused by trauma to the kidney or an infection
Which kidney sits a little lower in the abdomen and why?
The right one - to give space to the liver.
What are the three processes involved in the formation of urine?
- Filtration
- Selective reabsorption
- Tubular secretion
Explain autoregulation in relation to glomerular filtration
Autoregulation controls the flow of blood in to the kidneys at a constant pressure, regardless of any increase or decrease in blood pressure caused by external factors.
What anatomical feature prevents backflow of urine from the bladder in to the ureters?
The ureters enter the bladder at the back, rather than the top. This means that as the bladder expands, the ureters are compressed.
What is the trigone?
The 3 points that form the orifices of the bladder. The two ureter openings and the one urethral opening.
