A&P test 1

Question 1

What is the correct order of cell layers of the epidermis from the most superficial to deepest?

Answer 1

Corneum, lucid, granulosum, spinous, and basale

Question 2

The most numerous, important and widespread sweat glands in the body are

Answer 2

Eccrine Glands

Question 3

How do eccrine glands help with temperature regulation?

Answer 3

Eccrine glands helps with temperature regulation because the sweat glands evaporate from the skin surface and release heat.

Question 4

A person leaning against a cold cement block wall would lose heat by the process of

Answer 4

conduction – the transfer of heat to any substance actually in contact with the body.`

Question 5

Which layer is directly above the subcutaneous layer?

Answer 5

Dermis – contains majority of appendages and may be called true skin

Question 6

Smooth muscles that produce goose bumps when they contract are the

Answer 6

Arecctor Pili Muscle – attached to hair follicles

Question 7

Apocrine, eccrine, and sebaceous are all types of

Answer 7

Glands

Question 8

What is the outermost layer of the skin?

Answer 8

The Epidermis

Question 9

The tough outer layer of the epidermis is the

Answer 9

Stratum Corneum

Question 10

What is the hypodermis and what is the function of it?

Answer 10

A think layer of loose connective tissue, fat, and supports the layers of the skin
Stores energy, connects the dermis of your skin to your muscles and bones, insulates your body, and protects from harm

Question 11

Which bone is part of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 11

The shoulder (pectoral) girdle, scapula, and clavicle

Question 12

Which bone is part of the axial skeleton?

Answer 12

The vertebra, parietal, and mandible bones

Question 13

The upper part of the sternum is called

Answer 13

Manubrium

Question 14

If you are experiencing pain in the zygomatic bone, you are having pain in the

Answer 14

Cheek bone

Question 15

A fontanel can best be described as a(n)

Answer 15

incomplete ossification area in an infant’s skull and is also known as a “soft spot.”

Question 16

Endosteum can be found

Answer 16

Lining the medullary cavity

Question 17

If you were observing compact bone under a microscope, you would expect to see

Answer 17

Haversian systems

Question 18

The specialized repair tissue that binds the broken ends of a fracture together is known as a

Answer 18

The callus “splints” the broken ends and stabilizes the fracture so that healing can proceed

Question 19

The axial skeleton consists of how many bones?

Answer 19

80 bones – includes the bones of the skull, spine, thorax, and hyoid bone

Question 20

The appendicular skeleton consists of how many bones?

Answer 20

126 bones – includes the bones of the upper and lower extremities, the shoulder, and pelvic girdle

Question 21

What are some of the tightly packed epithelial cells in the epidermis?

Answer 21

Keratinocytes – form the main structure of the outer skin
melanocytes – contribute to coloured pigments
dendritic cells – help with the immune system
tactile cells or Merkel cells – connect to sensory nerve; light touch receptor

Question 22

What are tactile cells?

Answer 22

They are tightly packed epithelial cells that connect to sensory endings to form structure that serve as light touch receptors

Question 23

What are the skins distinct layers? what are their functions?

Answer 23

Stratum germination –the growth layer; cell division
stratum granulosum – granular layer; waterproof layer
stratum lucidum – clear layer; protects areas easily damaged
stratum corner – horny layer; stops unwanted materials

Question 24

What is the dermis also known as?

Answer 24

True skin

Question 25

what is the dermis composed of?

Answer 25

Connective tissue

Question 26

What is the dermis made up from?

Answer 26

Papillary layer and the reticular layer

Question 27

where are hair follicles, sweat, and sebceous glands located?

Answer 27

the dermis

Question 28

where do nerves, arrector pili muscles, and capillaries of the skin emerge from?

Answer 28

The dermis

Question 29

What does skin help with?

Answer 29

Protection, sensation, flexibility, excretion, hormone production of Vitamin D, immunity, homeostasis, and temperature control

Question 30

What are the steps to maintain a normal body temperature?

Answer 30

radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation

Question 31

What process of heat transfer is: the flow of heat waves away from the blood

Answer 31

radiation

Question 32

What process of heat transfer is: transfer of heat energy ti skin and external environment

Answer 32

Conduction

Question 33

What process of heat transfer is: transfer of heat away from the skin

Answer 33

convection

Question 34

What process of heat transfer is: absorption of heat by water (sweat) by vaporization

Answer 34

evaporation

Question 35

What does hair, glands, nerves, and blood vessels provide?

Answer 35

colour, lister, sensation, and beauty

Question 36

What is the name of the hair that babies in the uterus called?

Answer 36

Lanugo is fine, soft hair

Question 37

What replaces lanugo hair after birth?

Answer 37

Vellus

Question 38

What hair is the replacement during puberty?

Answer 38

terminal hair

Question 39

what is the shaft? (hair)

Answer 39

the visible part of hair

Question 40

what is hair papilla?

Answer 40

where the shaft emerges from a cap-shaped cluster of cells follicle is located in the larger hair bulb at the base of a small tube

Question 41

What are the 2 major exocrine glands?

Answer 41

Sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands

Question 42

what are sebaceous glands?

Answer 42

they secrete an oil called sebum and is found in all areas of the body with hair

Question 43

What are sudiferous glands? What is it's classifications?

Answer 43

the most numerous of skin glands classified in 2 groups: eccrine sweat glands are throughout the body; they are transparent, watery liquid produced as sweat apocrine sweat glands are found in axilla (armpits) and pigmented skin around the genitals. The sweat is thicker and milky that has an odour.

Question 44

What is a skin lesions?

Answer 44

Measurable variations of markings on the skin from the normal structure of tissue

Question 45

What burn causes minimal damage to the epidermis?

Answer 45

First-degree burns

Question 46

What burn reaches the dermis and may cause scarring?

Answer 46

Second-degree burns

Question 47

What burn destroys both the epidermis and dermis and extends to subcutaneous tissue?

Answer 47

Third-degree burns

Question 48

What burn involves the underlying muscles, fascia, or bone?

Answer 48

Fourth-degree burns

Question 49

What is the rule of nines?

Answer 49

quickly estimates the size of the burn by dividing the body into percentages

Question 50

what are the most common types of skin cancer?

Answer 50

Squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma

Question 51

Why must the body maintain a normal body temperature?

Answer 51

Many functions in the body do no allow for abnormal temperatures, there is a certain point of temperature that enzymes can react in

Question 52

what can cause abnormally high body temperatures?

Answer 52

fever, malignant hyperthermia, heat exhaustion, heat stroke

Question 53

what can cause abnormally low body temperatures?

Answer 53

hypothermia and frostbite

Question 54

What can abnormal body temperatures lead to?

Answer 54

high body temperature: skeletal muscle cramping, confusion, convulsions, loss of consciousness. low body temperatures: necrosis and gangrene

Question 55

what is a skin infection?

Answer 55

since the skin is the body's first Line of defence it is a common site for infections; when the protective layers are comprised it is easy to get viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. When treated properly infections are short-term.

Question 56

What are disorders in the skin called?

Answer 56

dermatosis

Question 57

dermatitis is....

Answer 57

skin disorders that involve inflammation of the skin

Question 58

what are examples of vascular disorders and inflammatory conditions?

Answer 58

Vascular -- hives and pressure sores inflammatory -- eczema and psoriasis

Question 59

what does the skeletal system provide?

Answer 59

protection, movement, storehouse for minerals, formation of blood cells called hematopoiesis, and supports the framework

Question 60

what are the 5 main types of bones?

Answer 60

flat, long, short, irregular, and sesamoid

Question 61

What are flat bones?

Answer 61

thin, flat, and often curved bones that are located in the ribs, breastbone, and skull

Question 62

what bones are longer than wide and found in the arms and legs?

Answer 62

long bones

Question 63

what are short bones?

Answer 63

cubes with vertical and horizontal dimension approximately equal and found in the wrist and ankle bones

Question 64

what bones are irregularly shaped and found in the vertebrae and hip bones?

Answer 64

Irregular bones?

Question 65

what bone resembles a sesame seed in shape and size? these bones develop in the tendons close to the joint and are located in the patella

Answer 65

Sesamoid bones

Question 66

What is the hardest connective tissue?

Answer 66

Bone tissue

Question 67

what does bone tissue consist of?

Answer 67

cells, fibres, and extracellular material called matrix

Question 68

What is hydroapatite?

Answer 68

the hardness created from highly specialized chemical crystals of calcium and phosphate

Question 69

What does organic matrix help with?

Answer 69

helps cartilage maintain a smooth surface and elastic consistency; also adds to the strength and gives it resilency

Question 70

What are the two main types of bone tissue?

Answer 70

Compact bone and spongy bone

Question 71

what is compact bone?

Answer 71

compact bone is dense, found in the shaft of long bones or the diaphysis and near the surface where strength is needed

Question 72

what is diaphysis and epiphyses?

Question 73

what is spongy bone

Answer 73

porous bone in the end of long bones or the epiphyses and in the centre of other bones

Question 74

cartilage cells are called...

Answer 74

chondrocytes

Question 75

why does cartilage repair slowly?

Answer 75

because there is no blood supply

Question 76

what is hyaline?

Answer 76

the most common type of specialized cartilage that forms articular surfaces of bones

Question 77

What is elastic cartilage?

Answer 77

forms external ear, epiglottis, and eustachian tubes

Question 78

what is fibrocartilage?

Answer 78

present in syphysis pubis and intervertebral disks

Question 79

what 2 ways does cartilage grow?

Answer 79

interstitial or endogenous growth and appositional or exogenous growth

Question 80

what is interstitial growth?

Answer 80

Also known as endogenous growth. they divide and secrete additional matrix and is typically seen during early childhood when the cartilage is still soft and easier to expand

Question 81

what is appositional growth?

Answer 81

also known as exogenous growth. happens when chondrocytes in the deep layer of the perichondrium divide and secrete matrix

Question 82

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 82

bone-resorbing cells

Question 83

what are osteoblasts?

Answer 83

Bone-forming cells