A&P test 1 Flashcards
What is the correct order of cell layers of the epidermis from the most superficial to deepest?
Corneum, lucid, granulosum, spinous, and basale
The most numerous, important and widespread sweat glands in the body are
Eccrine Glands
How do eccrine glands help with temperature regulation?
Eccrine glands helps with temperature regulation because the sweat glands evaporate from the skin surface and release heat.
A person leaning against a cold cement block wall would lose heat by the process of
conduction – the transfer of heat to any substance actually in contact with the body.`
Which layer is directly above the subcutaneous layer?
Dermis – contains majority of appendages and may be called true skin
Smooth muscles that produce goose bumps when they contract are the
Arecctor Pili Muscle – attached to hair follicles
Apocrine, eccrine, and sebaceous are all types of
Glands
What is the outermost layer of the skin?
The Epidermis
The tough outer layer of the epidermis is the
Stratum Corneum
What is the hypodermis and what is the function of it?
A think layer of loose connective tissue, fat, and supports the layers of the skin
Stores energy, connects the dermis of your skin to your muscles and bones, insulates your body, and protects from harm
Which bone is part of the appendicular skeleton?
The shoulder (pectoral) girdle, scapula, and clavicle
Which bone is part of the axial skeleton?
The vertebra, parietal, and mandible bones
The upper part of the sternum is called
Manubrium
If you are experiencing pain in the zygomatic bone, you are having pain in the
Cheek bone
A fontanel can best be described as a(n)
incomplete ossification area in an infant’s skull and is also known as a “soft spot.”
Endosteum can be found
Lining the medullary cavity
If you were observing compact bone under a microscope, you would expect to see
Haversian systems
The specialized repair tissue that binds the broken ends of a fracture together is known as a
The callus “splints” the broken ends and stabilizes the fracture so that healing can proceed
The axial skeleton consists of how many bones?
80 bones – includes the bones of the skull, spine, thorax, and hyoid bone
The appendicular skeleton consists of how many bones?
126 bones – includes the bones of the upper and lower extremities, the shoulder, and pelvic girdle
What are some of the tightly packed epithelial cells in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes – form the main structure of the outer skin
melanocytes – contribute to coloured pigments
dendritic cells – help with the immune system
tactile cells or Merkel cells – connect to sensory nerve; light touch receptor
What are tactile cells?
They are tightly packed epithelial cells that connect to sensory endings to form structure that serve as light touch receptors
What are the skins distinct layers? what are their functions?
Stratum germination –the growth layer; cell division
stratum granulosum – granular layer; waterproof layer
stratum lucidum – clear layer; protects areas easily damaged
stratum corner – horny layer; stops unwanted materials
What is the dermis also known as?
True skin
what is the dermis composed of?
Connective tissue
What is the dermis made up from?
Papillary layer and the reticular layer
where are hair follicles, sweat, and sebceous glands located?
the dermis
where do nerves, arrector pili muscles, and capillaries of the skin emerge from?
The dermis
What does skin help with?
Protection, sensation, flexibility, excretion, hormone production of Vitamin D, immunity, homeostasis, and temperature control
What are the steps to maintain a normal body temperature?
radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation
What process of heat transfer is: the flow of heat waves away from the blood
radiation
What process of heat transfer is: transfer of heat energy ti skin and external environment
Conduction
What process of heat transfer is: transfer of heat away from the skin
convection
What process of heat transfer is: absorption of heat by water (sweat) by vaporization
evaporation
What does hair, glands, nerves, and blood vessels provide?
colour, lister, sensation, and beauty
What is the name of the hair that babies in the uterus called?
Lanugo is fine, soft hair
What replaces lanugo hair after birth?
Vellus
What hair is the replacement during puberty?
terminal hair
what is the shaft? (hair)
the visible part of hair
what is hair papilla?
where the shaft emerges from a cap-shaped cluster of cells follicle is located in the larger hair bulb at the base of a small tube
What are the 2 major exocrine glands?
Sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands
what are sebaceous glands?
they secrete an oil called sebum and is found in all areas of the body with hair
What are sudiferous glands? What is it’s classifications?
the most numerous of skin glands classified in 2 groups:
eccrine sweat glands are throughout the body; they are transparent, watery liquid produced as sweat
apocrine sweat glands are found in axilla (armpits) and pigmented skin around the genitals. The sweat is thicker and milky that has an odour.
What is a skin lesions?
Measurable variations of markings on the skin from the normal structure of tissue
What burn causes minimal damage to the epidermis?
First-degree burns
What burn reaches the dermis and may cause scarring?
Second-degree burns
What burn destroys both the epidermis and dermis and extends to subcutaneous tissue?
Third-degree burns
What burn involves the underlying muscles, fascia, or bone?
Fourth-degree burns
What is the rule of nines?
quickly estimates the size of the burn by dividing the body into percentages
what are the most common types of skin cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma
Why must the body maintain a normal body temperature?
Many functions in the body do no allow for abnormal temperatures, there is a certain point of temperature that enzymes can react in
what can cause abnormally high body temperatures?
fever, malignant hyperthermia, heat exhaustion, heat stroke
what can cause abnormally low body temperatures?
hypothermia and frostbite
What can abnormal body temperatures lead to?
high body temperature: skeletal muscle cramping, confusion, convulsions, loss of consciousness.
low body temperatures: necrosis and gangrene
what is a skin infection?
since the skin is the body’s first Line of defence it is a common site for infections; when the protective layers are comprised it is easy to get viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. When treated properly infections are short-term.
What are disorders in the skin called?
dermatosis
dermatitis is….
skin disorders that involve inflammation of the skin
what are examples of vascular disorders and inflammatory conditions?
Vascular – hives and pressure sores
inflammatory – eczema and psoriasis
what does the skeletal system provide?
protection, movement, storehouse for minerals, formation of blood cells called hematopoiesis, and supports the framework
what are the 5 main types of bones?
flat, long, short, irregular, and sesamoid
What are flat bones?
thin, flat, and often curved bones that are located in the ribs, breastbone, and skull
what bones are longer than wide and found in the arms and legs?
long bones
what are short bones?
cubes with vertical and horizontal dimension approximately equal and found in the wrist and ankle bones
what bones are irregularly shaped and found in the vertebrae and hip bones?
Irregular bones?
what bone resembles a sesame seed in shape and size? these bones develop in the tendons close to the joint and are located in the patella
Sesamoid bones
What is the hardest connective tissue?
Bone tissue
what does bone tissue consist of?
cells, fibres, and extracellular material called matrix
What is hydroapatite?
the hardness created from highly specialized chemical crystals of calcium and phosphate
What does organic matrix help with?
helps cartilage maintain a smooth surface and elastic consistency; also adds to the strength and gives it resilency
What are the two main types of bone tissue?
Compact bone and spongy bone
what is compact bone?
compact bone is dense, found in the shaft of long bones or the diaphysis and near the surface where strength is needed
what is diaphysis and epiphyses?
what is spongy bone
porous bone in the end of long bones or the epiphyses and in the centre of other bones
cartilage cells are called…
chondrocytes
why does cartilage repair slowly?
because there is no blood supply
what is hyaline?
the most common type of specialized cartilage that forms articular surfaces of bones
What is elastic cartilage?
forms external ear, epiglottis, and eustachian tubes
what is fibrocartilage?
present in syphysis pubis and intervertebral disks
what 2 ways does cartilage grow?
interstitial or endogenous growth and appositional or exogenous growth
what is interstitial growth?
Also known as endogenous growth. they divide and secrete additional matrix and is typically seen during early childhood when the cartilage is still soft and easier to expand
what is appositional growth?
also known as exogenous growth. happens when chondrocytes in the deep layer of the perichondrium divide and secrete matrix
What are osteoclasts?
bone-resorbing cells
what are osteoblasts?
Bone-forming cells
