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Anatomy & Physiology > A&P Section 1 > Flashcards

A&P Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

The standard body position that serves as the reference point to describe body parts and position accurately.

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2
Q

Describe the anatomical position?

A

The subject is standing erect, legs together and feet slightly apart, arms at the sides with palms facing the front, and with thumbs away from the body.

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3
Q

What are directional terms?

A

Directional terms describes the locations of structures in relation other structures in the body.

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4
Q

What are the directional terms?

A

Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, deep, and superficial.

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5
Q

What does superior refer to?

A

Superior refers to towards the head or upper part of a structure or body.

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6
Q

What does inferior / caudal refer to?

A

Inferior refers to away from the head or lower part of a structure.

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7
Q

What does anterior / ventral refer to?

A

Anterior refers to toward the front of the body, organ, or section of the body.

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8
Q

What does medial refer to?

A

Medial refers to towards the middle of the body, organ, or section of the body.

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9
Q

What does posterior / dorsal refer to?

A

Posterior refers to towards the back of the body, organ, or section of the body.

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10
Q

What does lateral refer to?

A

Lateral refers to towards the side of the body, organ, or section of the body.

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11
Q

What is ipsilateral and contralateral refer to?

A

Ipsilateral is on the same side of the body while contralateral is on opposite sides of the midline.

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12
Q

What does proximal refer to?

A

Proximal refers to closest to the point of attachment when going towards the attachment.

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13
Q

What does distal refer to?

A

Distal refers to away from the point of attachment.

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14
Q

What does deep refer to?

A

Deep refers to towards the internal portion of the body.

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15
Q

What does superficial refer to?

A

Superficial refers to away from the internal portion of the body

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16
Q

What are planes?

A

Planes are imaginary lines drawn through an upright body.

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17
Q

What are the types of planes?

A

Sagittal, frontal / coronal, and transvers / cross sectional.

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18
Q

What are sagittal planes?

A

Sagittal planes are vertical lines that divide the body into right or left sections.

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19
Q

What are the types of sagittal planes?

A

Midsagittal and parasagittal

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20
Q

What is the midsagittal plane?

A

The midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right parts.

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21
Q

What is the parasagittal plane.

A

The parasagittal plane divides the body into unequal left and right parts.

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22
Q

What is the frontal or coronal plane?

A

The frontal plane is a vertical line that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

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23
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

The transverse plane divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions.

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24
Q

What are body cavities?

A

Body cavities are spaces of the body containing the internal organs.

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25
Q

List the 2 body cavities

A

The 2 body cavities are the ventral cavity and dorsal cavity.

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26
Q

What is the ventral cavity?

A

The more anterior body cavity, containing the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.

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27
Q

How are the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity separated?

A

The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle of respiration, separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

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28
Q

What is the thoracic cavity

A

The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs and is superior to the diaphragm.

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29
Q

How is the thoracic cavity divided?

A

The thoracic cavity is divided into 2 pleural cavities, the superior mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity.

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30
Q

What are the 2 pleural cavities?

A

The left and right pleural cavities which contains the lungs.

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31
Q

What is the superior mediastinum?

A

The superior mediastinum is the space between the 2 pleural cavities.

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32
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

The pericardial cavity is the space the contains the heart.

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33
Q

What is the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

The abdominopelvic cavity is inferior to the diaphragm and contains the abdominal and pelvic cavity.

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34
Q

What is the abdominal cavity?

A

The abdominal cavity contains the abdominal organs which are the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, large intestine, and adrenal glands

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35
Q

What is the pelvic cavity?

A

The pelvic cavity lies in the bony pelvis and is the space that contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum.

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36
Q

What is the dorsal body cavity?

A

The dorsal body cavity is the more posterior cavity containing the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity.

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37
Q

What is the cranial cavity?

A

The cranial cavity contains the brain and its membranes.

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38
Q

What is the vertebral cavity?

A

The vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord and its membranes

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39
Q

What are body membranes?

A

Body membranes are thin sheets of tissue that lines body cavities and cover internal organs.

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40
Q

What are the two types of body membranes?

A

Parietal and visceral membranes.

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41
Q

What is the parietal membrane?

A

The parietal membrane is the serous membrane that lines the cavity walls or outside walls of an organ.

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42
Q

What is the visceral membrane?

A

The visceral membrane is the serous membrane that covers an organ.

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43
Q

What are the membranes of the thoracic cavity?

A

The parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium / epicardium, parietal pleura, and visceral pleura

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44
Q

What is the parietal pericardium?

A

The parietal pericardium lines the pericardial cavity

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45
Q

What is the visceral pericardium / epicardium

A

The visceral pericardium/epicardium covers the heart

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46
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

The parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

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47
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

The visceral pleura covers the lungs

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48
Q

What are the membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

The parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum

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49
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

The parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

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50
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

The visceral peritoneum covers the stomach, liver, spleen, and parts of your small and large intestines

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51
Q

What are the abdominopelvic regions?

A

The right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac/inguinal region, hypogastric (pubic) region, and the left iliac (inguinal) region

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52
Q

Where is right hypochondriac region?

A

The right hypochondriac regions is located laterally to the epigastric region

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53
Q

What organs are included in the right hypochondriac region?

A

Liver, gall bladder, small intestine, ascending colon, transverse colon, & right kidney

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54
Q

Where is the right lumbar region?

A

The right lumbar region is located laterally to the umbilical region

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55
Q

What organs are included in the right lumbar region?

A

The right lumbar region includes the liver tip, small intestine, ascending colon, & right kidney.

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56
Q

Where is the right iliac / inguinal region?

A

The right iliac / inguinal region is located laterally to the hypogastric / pubic region

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57
Q

What organs are included in the right iliac / inguinal region?

A

The right iliac / inguinal region includes the small intestine, appendix, cecum & ascending colon.

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58
Q

Where is the epigastric region?

A

The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region

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59
Q

What organs are in the epigastric region?

A

The epigastric region has the stomach, liver, small intestine, transverse colon, right/left endocrine glands, pancreas, right/left kidneys, & spleen

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60
Q

Where is the umbilical region?

A

The umbilical region is the center most region

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61
Q

What organs are in the umbilical region?

A

The umbilical region includes the stomach, pancreas, small intestine, transverse colon, right/left kidneys

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62
Q

Where is the hypogastric region?

A

The hypogastric region is inferior to the umbilical region

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63
Q

What organs are in the hypogastric / pubic region?

A

The hypogastric / pubic region includes the small intestine, sigmoid colon, rectum, right/left ovaries, right/left ureters, urinary bladder, testicle

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64
Q

Where is the left hypochondriac region?

A

The left hypochondriac regions is located laterally to the epigastric region

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65
Q

What organs included in the left hypochondriac region?

A

Stomach, liver tip, tail of pancreas, small intestine, transverse colon, descending colon, left kidney, spleen.

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66
Q

Where is the left lumbar region?

A

The left lumbar region is located laterally to the umbilical region

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67
Q

What organs are included in the right lumbar region?

A

The right lumbar region includes small intestine, descending colon, & left kidney tip

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68
Q

Where is the left iliac / inguinal region?

A

The left iliac / inguinal region is located laterally to the hypogastric / pubic region

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69
Q

What organs are included in the right iliac / inguinal region?

A

The left iliac / inguinal region includes the small intestine, descending colon, & sigmoid colon

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70
Q

What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?

A

RUQ (right upper quadrant), LUQ (left upper quadrant), RLQ (right lower quadrant), LLQ (left lower quadrant)

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71
Q

What are tissues?

A

Tissues are a group of cells that have a similar structure and are specialized for a specific function

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72
Q

What are the types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

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73
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers a body of surfaces or lines cavities

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74
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

Polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, regeneration

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75
Q

What is apical-basal polarity?

A

Epithelial tissue has an exposed apical surface and a basal surface attached to underlying connective tissue

76
Q

Describe the apical surface.

A

The apical surface can be smooth and have microvilli, used to increase the surface area for absorption, or cilia used to propel substances along the surface.

77
Q

Describe the basal surface.

A

The basal surface has a supporting sheet called the basal lamina, which consists of glycoproteins and determines what molecules can diffuse from the connective tissue.

78
Q

Describe specialized contacts in epithelial tissue.

A

In epithelial tissue cells fight closely together by tight junctions (prevent substances from leaking) and desmosomes (keeps cells from tearing apart)

79
Q

Describe epithelial tissue being avascular?

A

Epithelial tissue is avascular, contains no blood cells, but is innervated, has nerve fibers. This is unique

80
Q

How does epithelial tissue use nerve fibers?

A

Blood vessels diffuse substances into the epithelial tissue

81
Q

Describe regeneration in epithelial tissue.

A

Cells in epithelial tissue have a high regeneration capacity using cell division

82
Q

List the cells found in epithelial tissue

A

Squamous cells, cuboidal cells, and columnar cells

83
Q

Describe squamous cells.

A

Squamous cells are flattened and scale-like with a disc nucleus.

84
Q

Describe cuboidal cells?

A

Cuboidal cells are boxlike and are as tall as they are wide with a spherical nucleus

85
Q

Describe columnar cells?

A

Columnar cells are tall and column-shaped with an elongated nucleus.

86
Q

How is epithelial tissue classified?

A

Epithelial tissue is classified by shapes and the presence of layers

87
Q

List the classification of epithelial tissue

A

Simple epithelia (1 layer), stratified epithelia (multiple), and pseudostratified

88
Q

Describe the features of simple squamous epithelial tissue.

A

Simple squamous epithelium tissue is flattened laterally, square to octagonal shaped, and has a disc-shaped central nucleus

89
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelium located?

A

Simple squamous epithelium is located in blood vessels, visceral pericardium (lining of the heart, air sacs of the lung, and kidney.

90
Q

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium is responsible for diffusion and filtration and secreting lubricating substances

91
Q

Describe the features of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue.

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium tissue is single-layered, cube-shaped, and has a spherical central nucleus.

92
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelium located?

A

Simple squamous epithelium is located in kidney tubules, ovary ducts, and secretory portions of small glands.

93
Q

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium is responsible for secretion and absorption.

94
Q

Describe the features of simple columnar epithelial tissue?

A

Simple columnar epithelium tissue has a singular layer column shaped cells, has goblet cells, microvilli on the apical surface, and an elongated nucleus.

95
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelium located?

A

Simple columnar epithelium is located GI tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands.

96
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Simple columnar epithelium is responsible for secreting mucus and absorbing nutrients.

97
Q

Describe the features of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue is single-layered, varies in height, nuclei is scattered and has cilia.

98
Q

Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is located in the upper respiratory tract (trachea, nasal cavity, etc.).

99
Q

What are the functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is responsible for secreting mucus and moving substances using ciliary action

100
Q

Describe the features of stratified squamous epithelial tissue.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium tissue has multiple layers with the apical surface having squamous cells and the deeper layers having cuboidal or columnar

101
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelium located?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium is located in the skin, vagina, mouth, esophagus, and rectum.

102
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium is responsible for protecting underlying tissue

103
Q

What are the types of stratified squamous epithelial?

A

Keratinized (containing keratin) and nonkeratinized

104
Q

Describe stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue.

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue has two layers of cuboidal cells and are found in the ducts of sweat and mammary glands.

105
Q

Describe stratified columnar epithelial tissue.

A

Stratified columnar epithelium tissue is found in the throat, male urethra, some glandular ducts, and junctions between other types of epithelia.

106
Q

Describe the features of transitional epithelial tissue.

A

Transitional epithelium tissue has dome-shaped cells with a central nucleus

107
Q

Where is transitional epithelium located?

A

Transitional epithelium is located in the urinary tract (urethra, ureter, and urinary bladder)

108
Q

Transitional epithelium is responsible for stretching and distention

A

Transitional epithelium is responsible for stretching and distention

109
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue is a primary tissue with functions that include support, storage, insulating, transportation and protection.

110
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood

111
Q

What are two characteristics of ALL connective tissue?

A

All connect tissue consists of an extracellular matrix and arises from mesenchyme.

112
Q

What is the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

A

The extracellular matrix in connective tissue contains nonliving material (ground substance and fibers)

113
Q

What are the structural components of connective tissues?

A

Ground substance, fibers, and cells are the structural components of connective tissue

114
Q

What is the ground substance?

A

Ground substance is the unstructured material that fills the space between cell and fibers in tissue.

115
Q

What are the components of ground substance?

A

Interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans

116
Q

What are the fibers of connective tissue?

A

Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers are found in connective tissue matrix

117
Q

What are collagen fibers?

A

Collagen fibers are fibers made of collagen that secrete into the matrix spontaneously into cross-linked fibrils and are bundled together.

118
Q

What are the features of collagen fibers?

A

Collagen fibers are tough and provide high tensile strength (resist being pulled apart) to the matrix.

119
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A

Elastic fibers are long, thin fibers containing elastin (allowing them to stretch and recoil) that form branching networks in the matrix.

120
Q

What are the features of elastic fibers?

A

Elastic fibers snap connective tissue back to its normal length and shape and is found in the skin, lungs, and blood vessel walls.

121
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

Reticular fibers are short, fine fibers that branch extensively, forming delicate networks that surround small blood vessels and support soft tissue organs.

122
Q

What are the cells of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, leukocytes, mast cells, and macrophages

123
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, & blood

124
Q

What is connective tissue proper?

A

Connective tissue proper are mature connective tissues that connect and support other tissues

125
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

Loose connective and dense connective tissue

126
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue has more ground substance than fibers

127
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar, adipose, and reticular

128
Q

What is the function of areolar connective tissue?

A

Areolar connective tissue wraps and cushions organs, its macrophages attack bacteria, and hold and convey tissue fluid

129
Q

Describe areolar connective tissue

A

Areolar connective tissue has loose fibers with the surrounding ground substance containing fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells

130
Q

Where is the areolar found?

A

Areolar connective tissue is distributed under the epithelial forming the lamina propria and surrounds capillaries.

131
Q

Describe the ground substance of areolar tissue?

A

The ground substance is viscous, due to the high concentration of hyaluronic acid, and hinders the movement of cells throughout it.

132
Q

Describe adipose tissue

A

Adipose tissue is connective tissue that stores fat, has a sparse matrix with adipocytes packed tightly together that pushes the nuclei to the site

133
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue?

A

Adipose tissue provides energy storage, thermal regulation, and supports and protects organs by absorbing shock

134
Q

Where is adipose tissue found?

A

Adipose tissue is found under the skin, around the heart and kidney, within the abdomen and behind the eyes

135
Q

What are the types of adipose tissue?

A

White adipose tissue, stores nutrients for other cells, and brown tissue, uses lipids to generate heat.
Reticular connective tissue

136
Q

Describe reticular connective tissue

A

Reticular connective tissue has a loose network of reticular fibers with reticular cells scattered throughout.

137
Q

What is the function of reticular tissue?

A

Reticular connective tissue forms the internal structure of various organs that support white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.

138
Q

Where is reticular connective tissues found?

A

Reticular connective tissues are found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

139
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic.

140
Q

Describe dense regular connective tissue

A

Dense regular connective tissue is closely packed wavy parallel collagen fibers with fibroblast cells.

141
Q

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A

Dense connective tissue attaches tendons, ligaments, and withstands tensions when being pulled.

142
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

A

Dense connective tissue is located in tendons (muscle to bone and most ligaments (bone to bone).

143
Q

Describe dense irregular connective tissue

A

Dense irregular connective tissue is closely packed wavy irregular arranged thick collagen fibers with fibroblast cells and little elastic fibers.

144
Q

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue provides structural strength and withstands tension exerted in multiple directions

145
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue is located in the dermis of the skin, fibrous capsules of joints and organs (kidneys, bones, cartilage, muscles, and nerves).

146
Q

Describe dense elastic connective tissue

A

Dense elastic connective tissue is closely packed with scattered elastic fibers.

147
Q

What is the function of dense elastic connective tissue?

A

Dense elastic connective allows tissue to recoil after stretching, maintains flow of blood through arteries, aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration.

148
Q

Where is dense elastic connective tissue found?

A

Dense elastic connective tissue is located in the walls of large arteries, bronchial tubes (lungs), and ligaments with the vertebral column.

149
Q

What is cartilage tissue?

A

Cartilage tissue is tough but flexible, avascular but innervated, and has a lot of tissue fluid in its matrix,

150
Q

What cell is found in cartilage tissue?

A

Chondroblasts are found in growing cartilage with chondrocytes found in mature cartilage

151
Q

What are the types of cartilage tissue?

A

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage are the types of cartilage.

152
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant, has a firm matrix, collagen fibers within form an imperceptible network, and chondrocytes lie in lacunae.

153
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage provides support and reinforcement, resists compressive stress, and serves a cushion

154
Q

Where can hyaline cartilage be found?

A

Hyaline cartilage can be found in the nose, trachea, larynx, ends of long bones, connecting the ribs to the sternum, and embryonic skeleton.

155
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage is, has a firm matrix, many elastic fibers forming a network, chondrocytes lie in lacunae.

156
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

Elastic cartilage maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

157
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

A

Elastic cartilage can be found supporting the external ear and epiglottis

158
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A

Fibrocartilage has a less firm matrix compared to hyaline, thick collagen fibers, and chondrocytes in lacunae

159
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage has tensile strength and absorbs shock

160
Q

Where can fibrocartilage be found?

A

Fibrocartilage can be found in the intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and discs of knee joint

161
Q

Describe bone tissue

A

Bone tissue has a hard calcified matrix containing collagen fibers, bone salts, and osteocytes in lacunae and is vascularized.

162
Q

What is a special feature of bone tissue?

A

Bone tissue has structural units, osteons, that surround central canals containing the blood vessels and nerves surround the bone.

163
Q

What is the function of bone tissue?

A

Bone tissue supports and protects, stores calcium, minerals, and fat, and makes blood.

164
Q

Where is bone tissue found?

A

Bone tissue is found in bones

165
Q

Describe blood

A

Blood has fluid matrix (plasma) containing red and white blood cells.

166
Q

Why is blood considered connective tissue?

A

It develops from mesenchyme

167
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

Blood transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances, protects, and regulates.

168
Q

Where is blood found?

A

Blood is found within blood vessels

169
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Muscle tissues are vascularized tissues that are responsible for movement

170
Q

How does muscle enact movement?

A

Muscle cells have myofilaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types.

171
Q

What are the types of muscle movement?

A

Voluntary muscle (consciously controlled movement) and involuntary muscle (not consciously controlled).

172
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal, cardiac, & smooth

173
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal muscle is long, cylindrical, and has multinucleate cells with obvious striations (vertical lines)

174
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

A

Skeletal muscles provide movement and generate heat

175
Q

Where is skeletal muscle tissue located?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue is attached to bones in the skeletal system

176
Q

Describe cardiac muscle tissue

A

Cardiac muscle tissue is branched and striated with uninucleate cells that connect at intercalated discs (junctions).

177
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue pumps blood through involuntary movement

178
Q

Where is cardiac muscle tissue located?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the walls of the heart

179
Q

Describe smooth muscle tissue

A

Smooth muscle tissue has no striations, its cells are spindle shaped with one central nucleus and arranged in sheets.

180
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?

A

Smooth muscle tissue squeezes substances through organs by contracting and relaxing.

181
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue located?

A

Smooth muscle tissue is only found in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and the GI tract.

182
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system containing neurons and supporting cells

183
Q

Describe nervous tissue

A

Nervous tissue contains neurons that branch off, with long neuron process extending from the cell body, and background supporting cells

184
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Neurons respond to stimuli through dendrites and transmits electrical impulses using axons.

185
Q

Where is nervous tissue found?

A

Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

186
Q

What are the functions of supporting cells (glial cells)

A

Glial cells support, insulate, and protect the neurons.

187
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology (2 decks)

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