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Respiratory > A&P Review and Diagnostic Studies > Flashcards

A&P Review and Diagnostic Studies Flashcards

Learn basics to anatomy and pathophysiology of respiratory

1
Q

What are the upper airway of the respiratory system?

A

Nose
Paranasal Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx

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2
Q

what are the lower airway in the respiratory system?

A 
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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3
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Surface area of lungs

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4
Q

what are the types of pleura?

A

Parietal

Visceral

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5
Q

what does the parietal pleura do?

A

lines thoracic pleura cavity

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6
Q

What does the visceral pleura do?

A

covers the lung surface and fissures between lungs

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7
Q

what does the pleurisy pleura do?

A

parietal and visceral pleura rub together (pleural friction rub)

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8
Q

What is determined by the size of the airway through which air is flowing?

A

Airway Resistance

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9
Q

what are some conditions that increase airway resistance?

A
  • Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle
  • Thickening of bronchial mucosa
  • airway obstruction
  • loss of elasticity
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10
Q

what is tidal volume (TV)?

A

volume of air with each inspiration

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11
Q

what is residual volume or reserve volume (RV)?

A

volume of air remaining in lungs at end of maximum expiration

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12
Q

what is vital capacity (VC)?

A

volume of air that can be expelled after maximum inspiration

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13
Q

what is inspiratory capacity (IC)?

A

maximum volume of air inhaled after normal expiration

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14
Q

what is forced expiratory volume (FEV)?

A

volume of air expelled within first second of vital capacity

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15
Q

what is peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)?

A

measures large airway function in liters/min

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16
Q

what is total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

volume of air in lungs after maximum inspiration

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17
Q

What is the normal pH?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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18
Q

A noninvasive test that measure oxygen saturation of Hgb. SaO2/SpO2

A

Pulse Oximetry

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19
Q

what is the normal range for PCO2?

A

35-45 mm Hg

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20
Q

what is the normal range for PO2?

A

80-100 mm Hg

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21
Q

what is the normal range for HCO3?

A

22-26 mEq/L

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22
Q

what is the normal range for O2 Saturation?

A

> 94%

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23
Q

What is used in the diagnosing of TB?

A

Sputum Cytology

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24
Q

when is the best time to collect sputum culture?

A

Before Breakfast

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25
Q

Is sputum cytology a sterile procedure?

A

yes, the container must remain sterile, the top edge must not be touched nor the inside.

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26
Q

Visualization of interior tracheobronchial tree using tube-like lighted scope

A

Bronchoscopy

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27
Q

What is the pre-procedure for a bronchoscopy?

A
  • must sign consent. Sedated for this
  • NPO (4-6 hours)
  • remove dentures if applicable
  • usually hold anti-coagulants
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28
Q

what is the post-procedure for bronchoscopy?

A
  • NPO until gag reflex returns
  • may use warm gargles post procedure
  • assess for bleeding
  • Post-op assess
  • Assess respiratory status
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29
Q

What is the most reliable skin test to determine if client has TB?

30
Q

TB Skin test uses what?

A

Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)

31
Q

How much do you inject for TB skin test?

32
Q

Where do you inject for TB skin test?

A

Intradermal

33
Q

How long do you have to wait to read the TB skin test?

A

48-72 hours

34
Q

What makes a TB Skin test positive?

A

If it has induration and erythema

35
Q

What do you measure the diameter of for TB Skin Test?

A

The Induration

36
Q

Where do you measure the induration for the TB Skin test?

A

The widest part

37
Q

What means the client has been exposed to TB?

A

An induration of 10 mmor greater significant

38
Q

What is the Tine Test?

A

multiple puncture tests used for screening large groups

39
Q

What is the QFT - Gold test?

A

ELISA blood test to check for TB

40
Q

What are the numbers for TB?

A
  • 10mmor greater significant
  • Greater than or equal to 15 mm if no known risk factors
  • 1-4mm not significant
  • 5-9mm significant if history of exposure or immunocompromised
41
Q

Examine pleural cavity with endoscope and can get fluid and tissue for analysis

A

Thoracoscopy

42
Q

What is Thoracoscopy usually used for?

A

To evaluate/treat pleural effusion, pleural disease, stage tumor

43
Q

Where is thoracoscopy usually at?

A

in OR under anesthesia so pt. NPO and consent must be signed

44
Q

What is the post procedure for thoracoscopy?

A

monitor VS, pain, resp. status, bleeding, infection. Watch for pneumothorax

45
Q

What is thoracentesis?

A

aspiration of pleural fluid for diagnostic studies or therapeutic purposes

46
Q

What happens during thoracentesis?

A
  • position sitting up over bedside table or if can’t sit *position on unaffected side.
  • Must be still
  • Assess VS
  • Resp status during (Skin color, O2 sat etc.)
47
Q

What is the post procedure for thoracentesis?

A
  • Assess resp status, Watch for change in lung sounds *on affected side
  • watch for rapid, shallow resp/pain on affected side - may be pneumothorax
  • post op VS
  • position unaffected side, encourage deep breathing
  • assess dressing (air tight pressure dressing)
  • Usually have post CXT
  • Usually resume activity after 1 hr.
48
Q

A Noninvasive test, no special prep just must take off jewelry clothes, bra. Hold breath when films taken.

A

Chest X-Ray (CXR)

49
Q

What is a Perfusion scan (Q)?

A

Done to measure integrity of pumonary blood vessels and evaluate blood flow abnormalities such as pulmonary embolus

50
Q

What is Ventilation scan (V)?

A

done to detect ventilation abnormalities

51
Q

What is the purposes of V/Q scan

A

To detect PE (SOB, Impending doom, ruffled breath sounds)

52
Q

What is the Gallium scan?

A

Check for tumors, inflammation, abscesses and stage cancer

53
Q

Alpha-Antitrypsin assay?

A

a deficiency leads to major pulmonary disease

54
Q

What may occur when too high concentration of oxygen (Greater than 50%) given for extended period (> 48 hrs)?

A

Oxygen Toxicity

55
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of oxygen toxicity?

A

non-productive cough, sub-sternal pain, nasal stuffiness, N/V headache, sore throat, hypoventilation

56
Q

How do you prevent Oxygen Toxicity?

A

Use lowest level of O2 necessary to maintain O2 sat, decrease oxygen as soon as pt condition permits

57
Q

How do you use an incentive spiometry?

A

Inhale, Extend Inhalation
Measure Deep Breaths
Ten times an hour while awake

58
Q

What are some patient education for breathing exercises?

A

Pursed Lip breathing
EBN: purse lip breathing increases O2 Sats
Diaphragmatic breathing

59
Q

Harsh moist sound heard early inspiration

A

Coarse crackles

60
Q

Heard late in inspiration

A

fine crackles

61
Q

low pitched rumbling or gurgling

A

Rhonchi (Sonorous wheeze)

62
Q

High pitched musical sound

A

Wheeze (Sibilant wheeze)

63
Q

What to look for in Respiratory assessment

A 
chest rise equal?, use of accessory muscles
Rate, color
Hypoxic
Tripod
Situp to breathe because of orthopnea?
64
Q

What is the regular respiratory rate for adults?

65
Q

What color do patients turn with low oxygen?

A

Cyanotic, Dusky

66
Q

What are some signs of hypoxia?

A

Restlessness, anxiety

67
Q

what is tripod?

A

leaning forward to relieve pressure to breathe

68
Q

refers to collapse of alveolus or larger lung unit due to decrease in surfactant or obstruction of bronchus

A

Atelectasis

69
Q

What is the most common cause of atelectasis?

A

anesthesia

70
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of atelectasis?

A

fever, cough, rales, decreased breath sounds

Respiratory (5 decks)

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