A&P Review Flashcards
1
Q
resting SP/DP
A
<120/ <80
2
Q
Types of Clinical Manifestations
A
signs/symptoms
3
Q
Complication
A
new process caused by disease changes
4
Q
Chronic Disease
A
long term
5
Q
Subclinical Stage
A
disease well established – normal function
6
Q
Secondary Prevention
A
early detection/screening/management
7
Q
Endemic Disease
A
locally born disease
8
Q
HRmax
A
207 – 0.7(age) bpm
9
Q
Epidemic
A
Endemic disease that spread to many indiv. at once
10
Q
Stages of Disease (10)
A
Latent, incubation, prodromal, acute phase, subliminal stage, exacerbation, remission, convalescence, sequela/e, complication
11
Q
Pandemic
A
Endemic disease that wide area – large percentage of popul.
12
Q
Symptoms
A
subjective – patient reported
13
Q
Variables
A
influence occurrence/transmission
14
Q
Acute Phase
A
full severity of manifestations
15
Q
Homeostasis
A
Continuous change – equilibrium maintained - Notes: Fluid surrounds cell - Normal function = Maintain fluid envir. – narrow range
17
Q
Stimulus
A
cause – deviation of variable set point
17
Q
Types of Variables for Homeostasis
A
H2O (Volume/Osmol.) - Chemical Comp. (Ions) - Temp.
regulated – set point
19
Q
Latent Period
A
interval; exposure -> manifestations
20
Q
Receptor
A
detects stimulus
21
Q
4 Factors of Pathophysiology
A
Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Treatment
22
Q
resting HR
A
72 bpm (60-80)
23
Q
Sweat glands increasing sweat output
A
example of effector organ
24
Q
Prodromal Period
A
1st signs/symptoms; indicates onset
25
Q
Types of Physiological Regulations
A
Intrinsic & Extrinsic
26
Epidemiology
patterns of disease in popul.
27
Exacerbation
sudden increase of severity
28
Intrinsic Regulation
originates inside organ/tissue
29
Levels of Prevention (Treatment)
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
30
Pathogenesis
development of disease - process
31
Thermoreceptor
example of receptor - detects temp change
32
Types of Intrinsic Regulation
Cellular Self-Regulation, Gap Junctions, Local Chemical Regulation
33
Types of Extrinsic Regulation
Nervous & Endocrine
34
Acute Disease
severe manifestations – short term
35
Types of Epidemiology
Incidence rate, prevalence, endemic disease, epidemic, pandemic, variables
36
Hypothalamus
example of control center - controls temp, sleep, etc
37
Remission
decline of severity
38
[Ca O2 - CvO2] at rest
5 mL O2/100 mL blood
39
Primary Prevention
reducing exposure & altering susceptibility
41
Endocrine Regulation
Hormonal control - water excretion
42
resting minute ventilation (VE)
6 L/min (5 -8)
43
Negative Feedback
regulates variables – stimulus brings variable back 2 set point
45
Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanisms
Receptor, Control Center, Effector Organ
46
Sequela/e
condition/s caused by disease
47
Osmolar Solutions (Osm)
Osmolar unit [ ] – compares osmolar ability of solute
48
Incubation Period
infectious disease - interval; exposure -> manifestations
49
Examples of Positive Feedback
Childbirth, Urination (fluid homeostasis), Entry of Sodium (Generates action potential – nerve participation), Blood-Clotting Mechanism (fluid homeostasis)
50
Response
effect
51
Disease Classifications
Acute & Chronic
51
Metric System
Liter, gram, meter
52
Prevalence & Equation
percentage affected - # of total cases / popul.
53
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology: Malfunction – Diseased – Disrupting homeostasis
54
Concentration of Solutions & Parameter Measurements
Percentage, Molar solutions, Osmolar solutions
55
Acid-Base Balance; its importance
normal function depends on maint. [H+] – narrow range (7-7.8)
without it, enzymes can’t operate – death
56
Incidence Rate
frequency of new cases / popul.
58
Nervous Regulation
ANS control - HR
59
plasma osmolality
290 mOsm/kg H2O (275 - 295)
60
mg% Measurement
Percentage [ ] in body: [ ] of human substances is low
61
resting cardiac output (CO)
5-7 L/min
62
Control Center
establishes set point – receives & integrates & conveys info
64
Molar Solutions (M) & Equation
1 mole = molecular / atomic weight of solute (grams)
65
resting VT
500 mL/breath (400 - 1000)
66
Examples of Variables
Age, ethnicity, sex, geographic, lifestyle/socioeconomic
66
One Osmolar Solution Equation
1 osmole / 1 L solvent
67
Etiology
Factors causing disease – genetics &; environ.
69
Extrinsic Regulation
originates outside organ/tissue
70
What happens to diffusion when the [ ] is equal on both sides?
when [ ] is uniform, net diff. ends, simple diff. continues
71
Effector Organ
changes variable value – response
72
What Determines Treatment?
indicated by etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifest.
73
total cholesterol
150 - 240 mg/dL (< 200 is desired)
74
Examples of Negative Feedback
Blood glucose, BP, temp, pH
75
Ionization & How it changes osmolarity & molarity
if solute ionizes, omsolarity > molarity - Ex; NaCl
77
Phospholipid Structure
Lipid (2 fatty acids & glycerol) + phosphate
79
plasma K+
4 mEq/L (3.5 - 5.0)
80
Percentage & Equation
of grams of solute / solvent volume (100 mL)
81
Positive Feedback & Why it's important
rare – stimulus exaggerates original stimulus
| Notes: Sometimes an advantage (quickens process), sometimes limited - Part of negative feedback
81
Body Fluid Compartments
ICF, ECF
82
Convalescence
recovery after disease/injury/surgery
83
Types of Active Transport
Primary AT & Secondary AT
84
Intracellular Fluid
H2O & solutes inside membrane
85
mM Measurement
Molar [ ] in body: [ ] of human substances is low
86
Allostasis
overall processes maintaining homeostasis
87
Units of Measurement
Volume, mass, length
88
Types of Endocytosis
Pinocytosis & Phagocytosis
89
Types of ECF
Interstitial Fluid & Plasma
91
Unhealthy Positive Feedback
vicious cycle – too much stimulus, Disease -> negative feedback failure -> vicious cycle = instability -> death
92
Acid
releases H+ in water
93
Physiology
Chemical/physical processes - changes during activity - life functions
94
mOsm
Osmolar [ ] in body; [ ] of human substances is low
94
Lipophilic & main examples of molecules that are
nonpolar – fat loving/water hating
| Ex; O2, CO2, fatty acids
95
Composition of ICF
Increased K+, Mg++, Pi (inorganic phosphate), Protein
96
Net Diffusion & Direction of Diffusion
measureable movement; from > [ ] to < [ ]
98
Physical Processes
Filtration, diffusion, and osmosis
99
Secondary Active Transport
uses ATP indirectly – energy from [gradi.]
100
resting MAP
90 mmHg (70-110)
101
One Molar Solution Equation
1 mole / 1 L
102
Plasma
liquid part of blood
103
Arterial O2 % saturation
97 % (95-98)
104
Endocytosis
large molecules enter cell
106
hemoglobin
15 g/dL (12-16 for females, 14-18 for males)
107
Extracellular Fluid
H2O & solutes outside membrane
108
Simple Diffusion
continual random particle movement - liquid/gas
109
Net Rate of Diffusion
proportional to [gradient]
110
Triglycerides
< 150 mg/dL
111
Osmosis
net diff. of solvent (water) through membrane - decreased [gradient]
112
[Ca O2 - CvO2] during max exercise
15 mL O2/100 mL blood
113
Blood pH
7.35-7.45
114
RBC count
4 - 6 million/uL
115
Buffer System
Decreases H+ changes – donates/combines with H+
116
Carrier-Mediated Transport
uses energy to move molecule
118
Composition of ECF
Increased Na+, free Ca++, Cl-, HCO3-, Glucose
119
US Measurement System
Gallon, foot, cup, pound, inch, yard, ounce (mass), fluid ounce (vol.)
121
Interstitial Fluid
between cells
122
Pa O2
100 mmHg (80 -105)
123
normal GFR
120 mL/min/1.73 m2 (80 - 160)
124
What increases the rate of diffusion?
Increased Lipid Solubility, Decreased Molecular Size, No Electrical Charge
125
Pinocytosis
cell drinking – soluble molecules
126
Parts/Structure of Plasma Membrane
surrounds cell & organelles – phospholipid & protein – non-covalent (ionic/hydrogen) bonds
127
Types of Diffusion
Simple & Net Diffusion
127
Which side has increased osmotic pressure?
The side with the greatest number of particles
128
Phospholipid Bilayer Function - what it allows/inhibits & why it does
• inhibits polar, allows nonpolar & water
| - because it is amphipathic
129
Amphipathic
molec. has hydrophilic & lipophilic elements
130
WBC count
4 - 11 thousand/uL
131
Hydrophilic & which Part of the Phospholipid is Hydrophilic
polar/water loving – Ex; phosphate
133
COmax
25 L/min (20-30)
134
Types of Membrane Proteins
Peripheral/Extrinsic & Integral/Intrinsic Proteins
135
Fick's Law; Equation & what it influences
Moles per sec = {diffusion coefficient (cm2/sec) * membrane area (cm2) * concentration gradient (moles/mL)} / membrane thickness (cm)
---Influences net rate
136
Base
combines with H+
137
Flow Rate Formula
Flow rate = pressure difference / resistance to flow
138
Cholesterol Location
inside bilayer
139
Protein Channel & difference between this & Facilitated diffusion
pore through membrane – inside lined w/polar groups – allows water to fill channel – NO NEED to BIND to channel
141
Types of Simple Diffusion
Membrane & Protein Channel (Pores)
142
Osmotic Pressure
force of water movement through membrane
143
Primary Active Transport & examples
uses ATP directly
| Ex; Na+, K+, & Ca++ Pumps
144
Filtration
solution passes through membrane - removal of particles
145
platelet count
150 - 400 thousand/uL
146
Etiology Classifications
inherited, congenital, metabolic, degenerative, neoplastic, immunologic, infectious, physical agent-induced, nutritional deficiency, iatrogenic, psychogenic, idiopathic
147
Signs
objective/identifiable
148
Pa CO2
40 mmHg (35 - 45)
149
Types of Secondary Active Transport
Countertransport (Antiport) & Cotransport (Symport)
149
Phagocytosis
cell eating – particulate matter
149
Exocytosis & what it releases
large mol. exit cell (secrete) – releases neurotrans. & enzymes
149
Transcellular Transport
exchange between 2 ECF’s through epithelial cells
151
Selectively Permeable Membrane & Example
allows/inhibits passage - specific
| Ex: Glomerular filtration restricts blood cells/proteins
152
Syndrome
collection – signs/symptoms occurring together
152
Pressure Differential
driving force
153
plasma creatinine
1.0 mg/dL (0.6 -1.3)
154
Types of Carrier Mediated Transport
Facilitated diffusion, active transport
155
Hydrostatic Pressure
force stops osmosis: needs 2 be = to osm. pressure
156
Tertiary Prevention
rehabilitation
157
Example of Unhealthy Positive Feedback; Blood Loss
acute blood loss -> inadequate delivery of blood to heart -> heart stops
158
Diffusion Coefficient (D) & its 3 Factors; what does it influence
influences rate of diffusion; Lipid Solubility, Molecular Size, & Electrical Charge (Presence/Absence)
158
Function of Membrane Proteins
Transporters/carriers, enzymes, receptors, channels, recognition, anchoring/structural support
159
normal urine flow rate (V)
1 mL/min (0.5 - 1.5)
160
Carbohydrate Chains/Glycolipids Location
outside bilayer
160
hematocrit
40-50 (37-47 for females, 42-54 for males)
161
resting P vO2
40 mmHg
161
arterial pH
7.4 (7.35 - 7.45)
161
LDL cholesterol
< 130 mg/dL
162
plasma HCO3-
24 mEq/L (22 - 26 )
162
plasma Na+
140 mEq/L (135 - 145)
162
fasting glucose
80 mg/dL (70 - 100)
162
HDL cholesterol
> 40 mg/dL
