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A + P Exam 5 > A + P Respiratory System > Flashcards

A + P Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system main purposes

A

delivery of O2 to blood
removal of CO2 from blood
maintain acid-base balance in blood

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2
Q

respiratory system parts

A

passage of air into the lungs
lungs
muscles

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3
Q

passage of air into the lungs

A

air enters the nostrils and passes through the nasopharynx
and/or
air enters the mouth and passes through the pharynx
air travels through the larynx (voice box)

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4
Q

air passage continued

A

air travels through the trachea down to the lungs
trachea divides into right and left bronchi, each of which extend into a respective lung
each bronchus divides into smaller bronchioles
each bronchiole contains several alveolar sacs

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5
Q

alveolar sacs

  • visual characteristics
  • function
A

visual
-membranous sacs surrounded by pulmonary capillaries
function
-serve as sites for gas exchange (O2 and CO2) with pulmonary circulation

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6
Q

larynx primary structures

A

epiglottis

glottis

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7
Q

epiglottis

  • visual characteristics
  • function
A

visual
-flap of elastic cartilage
function
-guards the entrance of the glottis to prevent food/drink/objects from entering the airway

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8
Q

glottis

A

a combination of the vocal folds/cords and the space between the folds

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9
Q

lung “tissue” characteristic

  • composition
  • -composition
A

fairly elastic
composition
-bronchioles and alveoli
–contain specialized epithelium and smooth muscle

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10
Q

bronchioles

-tissue composition

A

tissue

-mostly cartilaginous to provide rigidity to the airway

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11
Q

large vs. small bronchioles

A

large
-lined with ciliated simple columnar cells
small
-lined with simple cuboidal cells

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12
Q

goblet cells and seromucous glands

  • location
  • function
A

location
-present in all bronchioles
function
-produce mucous that capture foreign substances

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13
Q

bronchiole epithelium

  • surrounded by…
  • function of surroundings
A

surrounded by bands of smooth muscle

constrict to help force air out of the lungs or relax to allow air into the lungs

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14
Q

alveoli tissue

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

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15
Q

macrophages

  • location
  • function
A

location
-within alveoli
function
-engulf, digest, and remove foreign and/or harmful substances

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16
Q

right vs. left lung structure

A

right lung is separated into three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) by the horizontal and oblique fissures
the left lung is separated into two lobes (superior and inferior) by the oblique fissure
the left lung has a cardiac notch along its medial border to accommodate the heart

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17
Q

how does each lobe receive its air supple

A

via bronchioles

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18
Q

how are lobes divided

A

divided into small sections and lobules

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19
Q

pleurae

-divisions

A 
double-walled sac that each lung is enveloped in
divisions
-visceral pleura
-parietal pleura
-pleural cavity
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20
Q

visceral pleura

  • location
  • function
A

the inner wall

covers lungs

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21
Q

parietal pleura

  • location
  • function
A

the outer wall

adheres to the thoracic wall (ribs, diaphragm)

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22
Q

pleural cavity

  • location
  • function
A

between each membrane

contains serous fluid (created by each membrane) that helps adhere lungs to thoracic wall

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23
Q

muscles

A

diaphragm
internal intercostals
external intercostals

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24
Q

diaphragm

  • divides…
  • contraction…
  • relaxation
A

divides thoracic cavity from abdomen
contraction of diaphragm depresses to bottom wall of the thoracic cavity, thereby expanding the volume of the thoracic cavity for inhalation
relaxation of diaphragm elevates the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity, thereby reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity for exhalation

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25
Q

intercostals

  • location
  • function
A

attached to ribs

assist lung ventilation (breathing)

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26
Q

external intercostals

-function

A

elevate ribs during resting and forced inhalation

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27
Q

internal intercostals

-function

A

depress ribs during forced exhalation

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28
Q

resting exhalation

A

passive, elastic process that should not require contraction of the internal intercostals

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29
Q

movement of air depends on

A

pressure differences between the atmosphere and the spaces inside the lungs

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30
Q

what are the two pressures

A

intrapleural pressure

intrapulmonary pressure

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31
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

air pressure within the pleural cavity

32
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

air pressure within the alveoli

33
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

increased volume = decreased pressure

decreased volume = increased volume

34
Q

Boyle’s Law and ventilation

-2 parts

A

inspiration

expiration

35
Q

inspiration

A
  • diaphragm and external intercostals contract, increasing volume of the thoracic cavity
  • intrapleural pressure decreases which drops intrapulmonary pressure
  • atmospheric air pressure is now higher than intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures creating a vacuum inside the lung
  • atmospheric air is sucked inside, inflating the lungs - O2 supply
36
Q

expiration

A

elastic nature of lungs and thoracic cavity, relaxation of diaphragm, and possibly contraction of internal intercostals decrease volume of the thoracic cavity
intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures increase
atmospheric pressure is now lower than intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures
air is consequently forced out of lungs

37
Q

inspired air composition

A 
N2 = 79%
O2 = 20.9%
CO2 = CO2 = 0.03%
H2O = the rest (0.5%)
38
Q

expired air composition

A 
N2 = 75%
O2 = 15%
CO2 = 4%
H2O = 6%
39
Q

inspired air partial pressures

A 
PlO2 = 150 mmHg
PlCO2 = 0 mmHg
40
Q

alveolar blood partial pressures

A 
PAO2 = 102 mmHg
PACO2 = 40 mmHg
41
Q

Arterial blood partial pressures

A 
PaO2 = 102 mmHg
PaCO2 = 40 mmHg
42
Q

mixed venous blood partial pressures

A 
PvO2 = 40 mmHg
PvCO2 = 46 mmHg
43
Q

title volume (Vt)

  • resting
  • aerobic
A 
the volume of air inspired/expired each breath
resting
-about 0.5 L/breath
aerobic exercise
-2-4 L/breath
44
Q

frequency (f)

  • resting
  • aerobic exercise
A 
the number of breaths taken per minute
resting
-8-12 bpm
aerobic exercise
-50-60 bpm
45
Q

(minute) ventilation (Ve)
- resting
- aerobic exercise

A 
the volume of expired air per minute (Ve = Vt x f)
resting
-6 L/min
aerobic exercise
-150-200 L/mind
46
Q

total lung capacity

-average

A

the maximum lung volume (not entirely usable, however)
average
-5-6 L

47
Q 
residual volume (RV)
-average
A

the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum exhalation (i.e. a reserve air supply
average
-1.0 L

48
Q

forced vital capacity

  • also known as
  • affected by
A 
the largest volume of air you can possibly expire in a single exhalation (FVC = TLC - RV)
also know as Vital Capacity (VC)
greatly affected by
-gender
-age
-height
-restrictive pulmonary diseases
49
Q

forced expiration volume in 1, 2, or 3 seconds (FEV1.0, FEV2.0, FEV3.0)
-affected by

A 
the volume of your FVC that can be expired in 1, 2, or 3 seconds
greatly affected
-gender
-age
-height
-obstructive pulmonary diseases
50
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

the maximum expired volume after normal expiration

51
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

the maximum inspired volume after normal inspiration

52
Q

inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

the volume between normal expiration and the upper limits of TLC
-many pulmonary diseases affect this

53
Q

functional reserve capacity(FRC)

A

the remaining lung volume after normal expiration

54
Q

gas exchange and transport are…

A

integrated processes that sustain metabolism

  • loading O2 into the blood on Hemoglobin (Hb) at the alveoli
  • removing CO2 from the blood at the alveoli
  • trasporting O2 to the tissues and unloading it
  • loading CO2 from the tissues into the blood and transporting it to the alveoli
55
Q

factors that affect gas exchange

A 
partial pressure gradients
barriers to diffusion
diffusion distance
molecule size and viscosity of medium
RBC transit time
ventilation (Va)/Perfusion (Q) ratio
56
Q

barriers to diffusion

A 
surfactant
alveolar epithelium
interstitial space
capillary basement membrane
capillary endothelium
57
Q

diffusion distance

A

further O2 has to go, the longer it takes and less will be loaded

58
Q

molecule size and viscosity of medium

A

CO2 diffuses 2x faster than O2 because it’s more soluble in H2O, even though O2 is smaller

59
Q

RBC transit time

A

within capillary, transit time is 0.75 seconds at rest, down to 0.25 seconds with maximal exercise

60
Q

ventilation (Va)/perfusion (Q) ratio

A

represents the relative efficiency of gas exchange from alveoli to blood
-ideal score is 1.0 (unit-less number)
lung blood flow is much greater in lower portion than upper portion, so Va/Q changes depending on the anatomical section of the lung

61
Q

oxygen transport

A

O2 diffuses from alveoli into RBC
-within RBC, O2 binds to hemoglobin
95% of O2 is carried by Hb within RBC
-remaining 5% O2 is dissolved in solution (PO2)
–although small, this is important because it is used to monitor ventilation
increases in 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), H+, CO2, and temperature induce O2 loading in the muscles
O2 unloaded into muscles on Myoglobin (Mb) for use in mitochondrial respiration

62
Q

carbon dioxide transport

A

CO2 diffuses from muscle into RBC
5% dissolved in solution (PCO2)
-very important because it is what is monitored for purposes of ventilation
5% carried by Hb
-called carbaminohemoglobin
-remaining CO2 converted to H+ and bicarbonate (HCO3-)

63
Q

how is CO2 converted

A

CO2 + H2O –> H+ + HCO3
HCo3 binds to Hb for transport to lungs
H+ “buffered” via binding to proteins in plasma and Hb in RBC
-important because sizeable amounts of CO2 can be transported in blood to lungs without substantially altering pH
at lungs, above reaction is reversed to produce CO2 and H2O, which diffuses into alveoli and is expired

64
Q

ventilation regulation

  • controlled by
  • modified by
A

controlled by
-ventilatory centers (medulla oblongata and pons) in brain (feed-forward system)
modified by
-sensory receptors in periphery (feedback system)

65
Q

ventilatory centers

-primarily responsible for

A

primarily responsible for “Anticipatory Rise” in Ve
SNS (Epi and Norepi) elicits bronchodilation to increase airflow into lungs
PSNS elicits bronchoconstriction to decrease airflow into lungs

66
Q

feedback system

  • mechanoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
A

mechanoreceptors in muscles often dictate rapid rises or sudden drops in Ve due to increase or absence of muscle contraction
chemoreceptors in vessels are responsible for gradual increases, decreases, and plateaus in Ve due to changes in PCO2, pH, lactate, glucose, and catecholamines

67
Q

what is the primary feedback variable used to dictate Ve

A

PCO2

68
Q

homeostatic imbalances

A 
pneumonia
cyctic fibrosis
asthma/bronchitis
emphysema
chronic bronchitis
69
Q

pneumonia

A 
an infection of the alveoli caused by bacteria or viruses
tissue fluids (due to the inflammatory response) accumulate in the alveoli, which reduces the surface area exposed to air and ultimately, inhibits the intake of O2 and removal of CO2 from the blood
70
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

a defective gene can cause the lungs and pancreas to produce abnormally thick and sticky mucus
this mucus builds up in the bronchi and bronchioles in the lungs and in the pancreas, which provides a fertile breeding ground for pathogenic fungi and bacteria
restrictive lung disease

71
Q

asthma/bronchitis

A

an inflammatory constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles that inhibits airflow into and out of the lungs
asthma attacks can be triggered by airborne irritants such as chemical fumes and smoke, airborne allergens, and possibly the turbulence of airflow through the bronchi and bronchioles

72
Q

emphysema

A

degredation of the alveolar epithelium, which reduces the surface area of the lungs that can participate in gas exchange
the immediate cause of emphysema seems to be the release of proteolytic enzymes as part of the inflammatory process that follows irritation of the lungs
the condition develops slowly and is seldom a direct cause of death
however, the gradual loss of gas-exchange area forces the heart to pump ever-larger volumes of blood to the lungs in order to satisfy the body’s needs
the added strain can lead to heart failure

73
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

any irritant that reaches the bronchi and bronchioles will stimulate an increased secretion of mucus
in chronic bronchitis the air passages become clogged with mucus, which leads to a persistent cough
chronic bronchitis is usually associated with cigarette smoking

74
Q

vocal cord dysfunction

A

can be mistaken for asthma

same S/S

75
Q

combo of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema

A

knows as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders (COPD)

smoking is the #1 cause of COPD

A + P Exam 5 (4 decks)

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