A&P Quizzes Flashcards
The human form shown upright, hands at the sides, palms forward, and feet together is in the ____ position.
Anatomical
A person lying face down is in the ___ position.
Prone
A person lying face up is in the ___ position.
Supine
**The frontal plane divides the body into ___ and ___ portions.
Anterior, posterior
The diaphragm separates the abdominopelvic and ___ cavities.
Thoracic
The layer of the pericardium covering the heart is the ___ pericardium.
Visceral
***The pericardium lies within the:
Mediastinum
___ is the anatomical term meaning “toward an attached base.”
Proximal
___ is an anatomical term meaning “above or at a higher level.”
Superior
The term ___ means “the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships between body parts.”
Anatomy
___ is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.
Physiology
The ___ level is comprised of the smallest stable units of matter.
Molecular
___ are the smallest living units in the body.
Cells
The pleural cavity surrounds what organ?
Lung
Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, considers:
Features visible with the naked, or unaided eye
T/F - The abdominal cavity can be divided into either four or nine regions.
True
T/F - The axial skeleton includes all limbs and supporting bones and ligaments.
False
T/F- Bone marrow acts as the primary site of red and white blood cell production.
True
T/F - The pituitary gland controls other endrocine glands and regulates growth and fluid balance.
True
T/F - The sagittal plane runs along the long axis of the body, extending anteriorly and posteriorly, and dividing the body into left and right portions.
True
___ processes require the cell to expend energy to move ions or molecules across the cell membrane, usually in the form of ATP.
Active
A(n) ___ is a subatomic particle with a negative charge.
Electron
***___ are atoms or molecules with an electric charge.
Anions, ions, cations (all of the above)
___ are chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations.
Ionic bonds
__ is stored energy.
Potential energy
___ are the essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet.
Nutrients
___ are compounds that stabilize pH by either removing or replacing hydrogen ions.
Buffers
Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are examples of:
Cations
What reaction breaks molecules into smaller fragments (for example, AB –> A + B)?
Decomposition reaction
Inorganic compounds do not contain hydrogen and ___ atoms.
Carbon
___ is a form of a decomposition reaction.
Catabolism, digestion, hydrolysis (all of the above)
___ is the net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively low concentration.
Diffusion
***What is the diffusion of water across a cell membrane called?
Osmosis
Which solution does not cause the net movement of water into or out of a red blood cell?
Isotonic
Which solution causes the movement of water into a red blood cell, causing it to swell and possibly lyse, or burst?
Hypotonic
***Which solution causes a red blood cell to lose water, causing the cell to shrink and dehydrate?
Hypertonic
***Glucose is passively transported across the cell membrane by binding it to a receptor site on a carrier protein in a process called:
Facilitated diffusion
***Lactated ringers and normal saline are examples of what type of IV fluid?
Crystalloid
The organelles that manufacture proteins, using information provided by the DNA of the nucleus, are called what?
Ribosomes
***What is an essential function of epithelial cells?
Control permeability, produce specialized secretions, provide physical protection (all of the above)
___ is an example of a connective tissue.
Blood, fat, bone (all of the above)
___ are responsible for engulfing damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue.
Macrophages
***___ are proteins that destroy invading microorganisms.
Antibodies
The watery matrix in blood is called:
Plasma
What type of muscle is also known as striated voluntary muscle because it is controlled by the nervous system and has a striated appearance?
Skeletal
___ is a brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment that accumulates in the epidermal cells.
Melanin
Reddish-purple blotches due to leakage of blood from an artery or vein are called:
Ecchymosis
___ is the medical condition characterized by the eruption of groups of vesicles along the dermatome of a sensory nerve.
Herpes zoster
The integument contains two types of exocrine glands, sweat and:
Sebaceous
***The primary function of merocrine sweat glands is what?
To cool the surface of the skin
***A blood clot consists mainly of an insoluble network of:
Fibrin
An ___ is an injury where a flap of skin and tissues are torn loose or torn off.
Avulsion
***Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?
The production of red blood cells within the red marrow
***What is the expanded portion at each end of a long bone called?
Epiphyses
The outer surface of a bone is covered by a(n):
Periosteum
Which of the following plays an important part in normal calcium metabolism?
Vitamin D3
Which of the following works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to elevate calcium levels in the body?
Calcitrol
***A partial displacement of a bone end from its position within a joint capsule is a what?
Subluxation
A ___ fracture has multiple bone fragments at the fracture site?
Comminuted
The pelvic girdle is included in what division of the skeleton?
Appendicular
The ___ connects the cranial cavity with the spinal cavity and has the spinal cord passing through it.
Foramen magnum
Which of the following is suspended below the skull and serves as a base for muscles associated with the larynx, tongue, and pharynx?
Hyoid
What is the fibrous connective tissue connecting the bones of the skull at birth called?
Fontanels
The ___ is the projection on the atlas (C1) that forms a pivot joint with the axis (C2) to allow a person to rotate their head side to side?
Dens and odontoid process (both)
The superior portion of the sternum is called the what?
Manubrium
The arm, or brachium, contains what single bone?
Humerus
The head of the femur connects with what curved surface of the pelvis?
Acetabulum
Which of the following is a function of skeletal muscle?
To produce movement of the skeleton and To maintain body temperature (both)
***___ is the “key” that “unlocks” the active site of an actin molecule.
Calcium
***___ is the neurotransmitter or chemical released by a motor neuron to communicate with other cells.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
***Arm muscles, after being in a cast, can develop smaller and weaker muscle fibers in a condition called:
Atrophy
***The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm of the cell is called:
Glycolysis
***The specialized sites that are contact between cardiac muscle cells are called what?
Intercalated discs
***The specialized cells that determine the timing of cardiac muscle contractions are called what?
Pacemaker cells
***Which muscle separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Diaphragm
All neural tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord makes up which nervous system?
Peripheral
***Information is carried to the CNS by the ___ division, and motor commands are carried to the muscles and glands via the ___ division.
Afferent, efferent
___ increase(s) the speed at which action potential travels along the axon of an oligodendrocyte.
Myelin
Which of the following is an example of a demyelination disorder?
Heavy metal poisoning, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Multiple sclerosis (all of the above)
***What is a shift of membrane potential toward 0 mV called? An example is the entry of sodium into the cell.
Depolarization
*** is when a cell membrane cannot respond normally to further stimulation.
The refractory period
Synapses that release norepinephrine are called:
Adrenergic
The three layers of specialized membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are the:
Meninges
Which region of the brain controls conscious thoughts, sensations, memory storage, and complex movements?
Cerebrum
The hypothalamus is connected to what gland, which is the primary link between the nervous system and endocrine system?
Pituitary
***Which region of the brain is responsible for control of autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive activities?
Medulla oblongata
***Which of the following is caused by an imbalance in the amount of CSF fluid produced and the rate at which it is absorbed?
Hydrocephalus
***The ___ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies.
Sympathetic
***The stimulation of Beta 1 receptors causes which of the following?
An increase in cardiac contractility, an increase in heart rate, an increase in cardiac conduction (All of the above)
***The parasympathetic nervous system has nicotinic and ___ receptors.
Muscarinic
What are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system called?
Hormones
***The ___ provides the highest level of endocrine control by acting as an important link between the nervous system and endocrine systems.
Hypothalamus
The hormones released by the ___ control other endocrine glands.
Anterior pituitary gland
***Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are produced by which gland?
Posterior pituitary gland
***What is the primary function of the antidiuretic hormone?
To decrease the amount of water lost in urine
The hormone that stimulates smooth muscle contractions during labor and delivery is:
Oxytocin
***What disease occurs when the kidneys cannot respond to ADH or there is an inadequate release of ADH into the body?
Diabetes insipidus
***Which corticosteroid affects the electrolyte composition of body fluids?
Aldosterone
Which of the following affects glucose metabolism?
Cortisol
Epinephrine is produced by which gland?
Adrenal medulla
The endocrine cells of which organ produce glucagon and insulin?
Pancreas
***The alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans produce which hormone?
Glucagon
***Which hormone is released by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow?
Erythropoietin
In a(n) ___ effect, one hormone must be present for another to work.
Permissive
A(n) ___ effect can result in two hormones having a net effect greater than the sum of their individual effects.
Synergistic
Blood reduces fluid loss at injury sites by which of the following?
Clotting
***What are special proteins that attack invading organisms called?
Antibodies
***What is the average pH of whole blood?
7.35 to 7.45
***Which of the following is the most abundant plasma protein and the one responsible for the osmotic pressure of plasma?
Albumin
Which plasma protein is responsible for antibodies and transport proteins?
Globulins
***Which plasma protein attacks foreign proteins and pathogens?
Immunoglobulins
***Which plasma protein is involved in blood clotting?
Fibrinogens
___ bind(s) and transport(s) carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Hemoglobin
***The ___ is the percentage of whole blood volume occupied by cellular elements.
Hematocrit
Which surface antigen on red blood cells determines blood type?
A, B, and Rh (All of the above)
***What is thrombocytopenia?
Low platelet count
Which chambers of the heart are associated with the pulmonary circuit?
Right ventricle, left atrium
What connective tissue divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities and encloses the heart?
Mediastinum
The muscular wall of the heart is called the what?
Myocardium
***Which of the following is true of the foramen ovale?
Closes at birth, Penetrates the interatrial septum from the fifth week of embryonic development until birth, Allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium (All of the above)
***The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is the:
Mitral valve, Bicuspid valve, Left arterioventricular valve (All of the above)
***The right coronary artery divides into what branches?
Marginal and posterior interventricular
