A&P Quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

The human form shown upright, hands at the sides, palms forward, and feet together is in the ____ position.

A

Anatomical

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2
Q

A person lying face down is in the ___ position.

A

Prone

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3
Q

A person lying face up is in the ___ position.

A

Supine

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4
Q

**The frontal plane divides the body into ___ and ___ portions.

A

Anterior, posterior

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5
Q

The diaphragm separates the abdominopelvic and ___ cavities.

A

Thoracic

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6
Q

The layer of the pericardium covering the heart is the ___ pericardium.

A

Visceral

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7
Q

***The pericardium lies within the:

A

Mediastinum

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8
Q

___ is the anatomical term meaning “toward an attached base.”

A

Proximal

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9
Q

___ is an anatomical term meaning “above or at a higher level.”

A

Superior

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10
Q

The term ___ means “the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships between body parts.”

A

Anatomy

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11
Q

___ is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

A

Physiology

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12
Q

The ___ level is comprised of the smallest stable units of matter.

A

Molecular

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13
Q

___ are the smallest living units in the body.

A

Cells

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14
Q

The pleural cavity surrounds what organ?

A

Lung

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15
Q

Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, considers:

A

Features visible with the naked, or unaided eye

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16
Q

T/F - The abdominal cavity can be divided into either four or nine regions.

A

True

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17
Q

T/F - The axial skeleton includes all limbs and supporting bones and ligaments.

A

False

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18
Q

T/F- Bone marrow acts as the primary site of red and white blood cell production.

A

True

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19
Q

T/F - The pituitary gland controls other endrocine glands and regulates growth and fluid balance.

A

True

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20
Q

T/F - The sagittal plane runs along the long axis of the body, extending anteriorly and posteriorly, and dividing the body into left and right portions.

A

True

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21
Q

___ processes require the cell to expend energy to move ions or molecules across the cell membrane, usually in the form of ATP.

A

Active

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22
Q

A(n) ___ is a subatomic particle with a negative charge.

A

Electron

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23
Q

***___ are atoms or molecules with an electric charge.

A

Anions, ions, cations (all of the above)

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24
Q

___ are chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations.

A

Ionic bonds

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25
Q

__ is stored energy.

A

Potential energy

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26
Q

___ are the essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet.

A

Nutrients

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27
Q

___ are compounds that stabilize pH by either removing or replacing hydrogen ions.

A

Buffers

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28
Q

Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are examples of:

A

Cations

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29
Q

What reaction breaks molecules into smaller fragments (for example, AB –> A + B)?

A

Decomposition reaction

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30
Q

Inorganic compounds do not contain hydrogen and ___ atoms.

A

Carbon

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31
Q

___ is a form of a decomposition reaction.

A

Catabolism, digestion, hydrolysis (all of the above)

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32
Q

___ is the net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively low concentration.

A

Diffusion

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33
Q

***What is the diffusion of water across a cell membrane called?

A

Osmosis

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34
Q

Which solution does not cause the net movement of water into or out of a red blood cell?

A

Isotonic

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35
Q

Which solution causes the movement of water into a red blood cell, causing it to swell and possibly lyse, or burst?

A

Hypotonic

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36
Q

***Which solution causes a red blood cell to lose water, causing the cell to shrink and dehydrate?

A

Hypertonic

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37
Q

***Glucose is passively transported across the cell membrane by binding it to a receptor site on a carrier protein in a process called:

A

Facilitated diffusion

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38
Q

***Lactated ringers and normal saline are examples of what type of IV fluid?

A

Crystalloid

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39
Q

The organelles that manufacture proteins, using information provided by the DNA of the nucleus, are called what?

A

Ribosomes

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40
Q

***What is an essential function of epithelial cells?

A

Control permeability, produce specialized secretions, provide physical protection (all of the above)

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41
Q

___ is an example of a connective tissue.

A

Blood, fat, bone (all of the above)

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42
Q

___ are responsible for engulfing damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue.

A

Macrophages

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43
Q

***___ are proteins that destroy invading microorganisms.

A

Antibodies

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44
Q

The watery matrix in blood is called:

A

Plasma

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45
Q

What type of muscle is also known as striated voluntary muscle because it is controlled by the nervous system and has a striated appearance?

A

Skeletal

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46
Q

___ is a brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment that accumulates in the epidermal cells.

A

Melanin

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47
Q

Reddish-purple blotches due to leakage of blood from an artery or vein are called:

A

Ecchymosis

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48
Q

___ is the medical condition characterized by the eruption of groups of vesicles along the dermatome of a sensory nerve.

A

Herpes zoster

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49
Q

The integument contains two types of exocrine glands, sweat and:

A

Sebaceous

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50
Q

***The primary function of merocrine sweat glands is what?

A

To cool the surface of the skin

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51
Q

***A blood clot consists mainly of an insoluble network of:

A

Fibrin

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52
Q

An ___ is an injury where a flap of skin and tissues are torn loose or torn off.

A

Avulsion

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53
Q

***Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?

A

The production of red blood cells within the red marrow

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54
Q

***What is the expanded portion at each end of a long bone called?

A

Epiphyses

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55
Q

The outer surface of a bone is covered by a(n):

A

Periosteum

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56
Q

Which of the following plays an important part in normal calcium metabolism?

A

Vitamin D3

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57
Q

Which of the following works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to elevate calcium levels in the body?

A

Calcitrol

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58
Q

***A partial displacement of a bone end from its position within a joint capsule is a what?

A

Subluxation

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59
Q

A ___ fracture has multiple bone fragments at the fracture site?

A

Comminuted

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60
Q

The pelvic girdle is included in what division of the skeleton?

A

Appendicular

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61
Q

The ___ connects the cranial cavity with the spinal cavity and has the spinal cord passing through it.

A

Foramen magnum

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62
Q

Which of the following is suspended below the skull and serves as a base for muscles associated with the larynx, tongue, and pharynx?

A

Hyoid

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63
Q

What is the fibrous connective tissue connecting the bones of the skull at birth called?

A

Fontanels

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64
Q

The ___ is the projection on the atlas (C1) that forms a pivot joint with the axis (C2) to allow a person to rotate their head side to side?

A

Dens and odontoid process (both)

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65
Q

The superior portion of the sternum is called the what?

A

Manubrium

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66
Q

The arm, or brachium, contains what single bone?

A

Humerus

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67
Q

The head of the femur connects with what curved surface of the pelvis?

A

Acetabulum

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68
Q

Which of the following is a function of skeletal muscle?

A

To produce movement of the skeleton and To maintain body temperature (both)

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69
Q

***___ is the “key” that “unlocks” the active site of an actin molecule.

A

Calcium

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70
Q

***___ is the neurotransmitter or chemical released by a motor neuron to communicate with other cells.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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71
Q

***Arm muscles, after being in a cast, can develop smaller and weaker muscle fibers in a condition called:

A

Atrophy

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72
Q

***The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm of the cell is called:

A

Glycolysis

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73
Q

***The specialized sites that are contact between cardiac muscle cells are called what?

A

Intercalated discs

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74
Q

***The specialized cells that determine the timing of cardiac muscle contractions are called what?

A

Pacemaker cells

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75
Q

***Which muscle separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

A

Diaphragm

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76
Q

All neural tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord makes up which nervous system?

A

Peripheral

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77
Q

***Information is carried to the CNS by the ___ division, and motor commands are carried to the muscles and glands via the ___ division.

A

Afferent, efferent

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78
Q

___ increase(s) the speed at which action potential travels along the axon of an oligodendrocyte.

A

Myelin

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79
Q

Which of the following is an example of a demyelination disorder?

A

Heavy metal poisoning, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Multiple sclerosis (all of the above)

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80
Q

***What is a shift of membrane potential toward 0 mV called? An example is the entry of sodium into the cell.

A

Depolarization

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81
Q

*** is when a cell membrane cannot respond normally to further stimulation.

A

The refractory period

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82
Q

Synapses that release norepinephrine are called:

A

Adrenergic

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83
Q

The three layers of specialized membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are the:

A

Meninges

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84
Q

Which region of the brain controls conscious thoughts, sensations, memory storage, and complex movements?

A

Cerebrum

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85
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to what gland, which is the primary link between the nervous system and endocrine system?

A

Pituitary

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86
Q

***Which region of the brain is responsible for control of autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive activities?

A

Medulla oblongata

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87
Q

***Which of the following is caused by an imbalance in the amount of CSF fluid produced and the rate at which it is absorbed?

A

Hydrocephalus

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88
Q

***The ___ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies.

A

Sympathetic

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89
Q

***The stimulation of Beta 1 receptors causes which of the following?

A

An increase in cardiac contractility, an increase in heart rate, an increase in cardiac conduction (All of the above)

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90
Q

***The parasympathetic nervous system has nicotinic and ___ receptors.

A

Muscarinic

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91
Q

What are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system called?

A

Hormones

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92
Q

***The ___ provides the highest level of endocrine control by acting as an important link between the nervous system and endocrine systems.

A

Hypothalamus

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93
Q

The hormones released by the ___ control other endocrine glands.

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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94
Q

***Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are produced by which gland?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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95
Q

***What is the primary function of the antidiuretic hormone?

A

To decrease the amount of water lost in urine

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96
Q

The hormone that stimulates smooth muscle contractions during labor and delivery is:

A

Oxytocin

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97
Q

***What disease occurs when the kidneys cannot respond to ADH or there is an inadequate release of ADH into the body?

A

Diabetes insipidus

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98
Q

***Which corticosteroid affects the electrolyte composition of body fluids?

A

Aldosterone

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99
Q

Which of the following affects glucose metabolism?

A

Cortisol

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100
Q

Epinephrine is produced by which gland?

A

Adrenal medulla

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101
Q

The endocrine cells of which organ produce glucagon and insulin?

A

Pancreas

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102
Q

***The alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans produce which hormone?

A

Glucagon

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103
Q

***Which hormone is released by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow?

A

Erythropoietin

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104
Q

In a(n) ___ effect, one hormone must be present for another to work.

A

Permissive

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105
Q

A(n) ___ effect can result in two hormones having a net effect greater than the sum of their individual effects.

A

Synergistic

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106
Q

Blood reduces fluid loss at injury sites by which of the following?

A

Clotting

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107
Q

***What are special proteins that attack invading organisms called?

A

Antibodies

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108
Q

***What is the average pH of whole blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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109
Q

***Which of the following is the most abundant plasma protein and the one responsible for the osmotic pressure of plasma?

A

Albumin

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110
Q

Which plasma protein is responsible for antibodies and transport proteins?

A

Globulins

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111
Q

***Which plasma protein attacks foreign proteins and pathogens?

A

Immunoglobulins

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112
Q

***Which plasma protein is involved in blood clotting?

A

Fibrinogens

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113
Q

___ bind(s) and transport(s) carbon dioxide and oxygen.

A

Hemoglobin

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114
Q

***The ___ is the percentage of whole blood volume occupied by cellular elements.

A

Hematocrit

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115
Q

Which surface antigen on red blood cells determines blood type?

A

A, B, and Rh (All of the above)

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116
Q

***What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Low platelet count

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117
Q

Which chambers of the heart are associated with the pulmonary circuit?

A

Right ventricle, left atrium

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118
Q

What connective tissue divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities and encloses the heart?

A

Mediastinum

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119
Q

The muscular wall of the heart is called the what?

A

Myocardium

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120
Q

***Which of the following is true of the foramen ovale?

A

Closes at birth, Penetrates the interatrial septum from the fifth week of embryonic development until birth, Allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium (All of the above)

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121
Q

***The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is the:

A

Mitral valve, Bicuspid valve, Left arterioventricular valve (All of the above)

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122
Q

***The right coronary artery divides into what branches?

A

Marginal and posterior interventricular

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123
Q

***What is an area of dead tissue caused by an interruption in cardiac blood flow called?

A

Infarct

124
Q

***The influx of ___ rapidly depolarizes the cardiac contractile cells.

A

Sodium

125
Q

***The introduction of ___ initiates contraction during the plateau phase.

A

Calcium

126
Q

***The normal rate of contraction is established by ___ cells, the nodal cells that reach threshold first.

A

Pacemaker

127
Q

***___ form branching networks and are barely the diameter of a single red blood cell.

A

Capillaries

128
Q

***Which layer of a blood vessel contains smooth muscle tissue?

A

Tunica media

129
Q

***The formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media associated with damage to the endothelial lining is called what?

A

Atherosclerosis

130
Q

***Which of the following controls the flow of blood into the capillary?

A

Precapillary sphincter

131
Q

***___ is the formed tubule through which blood completely bypasses a capillary bed.

A

Arteriovenous anastomosis

132
Q

***___ is the resistance to flow resulting from interactions among molecules and suspended materials in a liquid.

A

Viscosity

133
Q

***___ is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.

A

Pulse pressure

134
Q

***Which of the following affects tissue perfusion?

A

Cardiac output, Blood pressure, Peripheral resistance (All of the above)

135
Q

***Which portion of the brain has the cardiac and vasomotor centers?

A

Medulla oblongata

136
Q

Receptors sensitive to chemical stimuli are called what?

A

Chemoreceptors

137
Q

***The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called what?

A

Referred pain

138
Q

***Which of the following monitor changes in pressure, such as in the carotid artery and aorta?

A

Baroreceptors

139
Q

The chemoreceptors that monitor pH, oxygen levels, and carbon dioxide levels in the blood are located in the:

A

Carotid bodies

140
Q

The clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye and helps give it its shape is called:

A

Aqueous humor

141
Q

Which of the following photoreceptors provides color vision?

A

Cones

142
Q

___ is caused by an elevation in pressure inside the eye.

A

Glaucoma

143
Q

***___ is the body’s ability to resist infection and disease through the activation of specific defenses.

A

Immunity

144
Q

***Which type of lymphocyte directly attacks foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses?

A

T cells

145
Q

***Which type of lymphocyte can differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete antibodies?

A

B cells

146
Q

***The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is found where?

A

Spleen

147
Q

___ in peripheral tissues remove cellular debris and respond to invasion by foreign compounds or pathogens.

A

Phagocytes

148
Q

The phenomenon of being attracted to or repelled by chemicals in surrounding fluid is called what?

A

Chemotaxis

149
Q

___ is the process of NK cells constantly monitoring normal tissues.

A

Immunological surveillance

150
Q

***___ are small proteins released by activated tissue cells infected with viruses.

A

Interferons

151
Q

***Which chemicals initiate the process of inflammation?

A

Histamine and heparin

152
Q

***The ___ acts as the body’s thermostat.

A

Hypothalamus

153
Q

***Which proteins reset the body’s “thermostat” and cause a rise in body temperature?

A

Pyrogens

154
Q

Which medicine is considered an antipyretic?

A

Acetaminophen, Aspirin (both)

155
Q

***___ immunity appears after exposure to an antigen as a consequence of the immune response.

A

Active

156
Q

When antibodies produced by a mother protect her baby against infections, it is called ___ immunity.

A

Passive

157
Q

A(n) ___ process requires oxygen.

A

Aerobic

158
Q

***Which of the following genetic diseases involves the goblet cells producing dense, viscous mucus that cannot be transported by respiratory cilia?

A

Cystic fibrosis

159
Q

The division of the trachea into the right and left primary bronchi occurs at the:

A

Carina

160
Q

Which of the following breaks the fluid bond between the pleurae?

A

Pneumothorax

161
Q

***Which of the following is treated by a pleural decompression?

A

Tension pneumo

162
Q

***___ is the process that involves gas exchange and gas transport.

A

Respiration

163
Q

What is the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs called?

A

Ventilation

164
Q

***Which of the following is a type of obstructive lung disease?

A

Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema, Asthma (All of the above)

165
Q

***___ levels are responsible for regulating respiratory activity under normal conditions.

A

Carbon dioxide

166
Q

___ is the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments.

A

Digestion

167
Q

What are the waves of muscular contractions that move along the length of the digestive tract called?

A

Peristalsis

168
Q

Which nerve controls the stomach and initiates the production of gastric juice?

A

Vagus

169
Q

Which condition is caused by abdominal organs sliding into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus?

A

Hiatal hernia

170
Q

***The ___ is the second segment of the small intestine and does the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption.

A

Jejunum

171
Q

***___ is esophageal laceration secondary to vomiting.

A

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

172
Q

The cystic duct leaves the liver and leads to the:

A

Gallbladder

173
Q

Which of the following is a general function of the liver?

A

Bile production, Metabolic regulation, Hematological regulation (All of the above)

174
Q

***What is the most common cause of cirrhosis?

A

Chronic alcohol abuse

175
Q

***The liver receives about ___ percent of cardiac output.

A

25

176
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic viral hepatitis in the United States?

A

Hep C

177
Q

***Roughly half our daily vitamin ___ requirements are produced by intestinal bacteria.

A

K

178
Q

***Patients with hollow organ problems tend to have:

A

Diffuse abdominal pain

179
Q

The renal tubule is responsible for:

A

Reabsorbing useful organic molecules, Secreting any waste products missed by the filtration process, Reabsorbing water (All of the above)

180
Q

***Filtration membranes allow the passage of:

A

Water, ions, and glucose

181
Q

In the proximal convoluted tube, water moves out of the tubular fluid by what process?

A

Osmosis

182
Q

***The ascending limb loop of Henle actively transports:

A

Sodium

183
Q

***The hormone erythropoietin and the enzyme renin are secreted by the:

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

184
Q

Which is a metabolic waste product of the breakdown of amino acids?

A

Urea

185
Q

Which hormone, when at lower levels, decreases water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

186
Q

In ___, the functions of damaged kidneys are performed by a machine that facilitates diffusion between the patient’s blood and a carefully regulated fluid.

A

Dialysis

187
Q

Which of the following is a major hormone involved in regulating kidney function?

A

Aldosterone, ADH, Angiotensin II (All of the above)

188
Q

***Atrial natriuretic peptide is released by ___ when blood volume and blood pressure are too high and opposes the actions of the renin-angiotensin system.

A

Atrial cardiac muscle cells

189
Q

Kidney stones consisting of ___ are the most common.

A

Calcium salts

190
Q

***The ___ and kidneys play key roles in maintaining the acid-base balance of body fluids.

A

Lungs

191
Q

If extracellular fluids (ECF) become hypertonic, as compared to the intracellular fluid (ICF), water will move in which direction?

A

From the cells into the ECF

192
Q

***In response to circulating aldosterone, the kidneys ___ sodium ions.

A

Reabsorb

193
Q

***Severe acidosis can cause what effect on the body?

A

CNS deterioration, Peripheral vasodilation, Weak cardiac contractions (All of the above)

194
Q

***___ occurs when alveolar ventilation is increased, resulting in excess elimination of CO2.

A

Respiratory alkalosis

195
Q

The ___ buffer system depends on the ability of amino acids to respond to changes in pH by accepting or releasing hydrogen ions.

A

Protein

196
Q

Macroscopic anatomy is:

A

Gross anatomy

197
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

198
Q

The opening that allows the esophagus to pass through the diaphragm:

A

Esophageal hiatus

199
Q

Anatomical term meaning “away from an attached base”:

A

Distal

200
Q

Smallest living unit in the body:

A

Cells

201
Q

Pericardial cavity surrounds this organ:

A

Heart

202
Q

This includes all limbs and supporting bones and ligaments

A

Appendicular skeleton

203
Q

The primary site of red and white blood cell production:

A

Bone marrow

204
Q

A subatomic particle with a negative charge:

A

Electron

205
Q

Atoms or molecules with an electric charge:

A

Ions

206
Q

Weak chemical bonds formed from an attraction between hydrogen and oxygen:

A

Hydrogen bonds

207
Q

Energy of motion:

A

Kinetic energy

208
Q

Compounds that lower the activation energy of a reaction and “speed up” a reaction:

A

Catalyst

209
Q

Second most abundant intracellular cation:

A

Magnesium

210
Q

A reaction that breaks down compounds into smaller components:

A

Decomposition

211
Q

Synthesis of organic compounds from simpler precursors:

A

Anabolism

212
Q

Reaction that adds a water molecule across an organic bond:

A

Hydrogenation

213
Q

Diffusion of water across a cell membrane:

A

Osmosis

214
Q

A solution that causes movement of water into a red blood cell and cause it to lyse:

A

Hypotonic

215
Q

Movement of molecules across the concentration gradient requiring energy:

A

Active transport

216
Q

The organelles responsible for the break down and recycling of proteins:

A

Proteosomes

217
Q

Three classifications of connective tissue:

A

Connective tissue proper, fluid, and supporting

218
Q

Mast cells release what two chemicals:

A

Histamine and heparin

219
Q

Two functions of sebaceous glands:

A

Lubrication and protection

220
Q

Area of skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers by a single posterior spinal root:

A

Dermatome

221
Q

Shaft of the bone:

A

Diaphysis

222
Q

Decreased levels of vitamin D3 can cause:

A

Rickets (brittle bones)

223
Q

This hormone inhibits osteoclasts, lowering calcium levels in the blood:

A

Calcitonin

224
Q

A complete displacement of a bone end from its position within a joint capsule:

A

Dislocation

225
Q

Fibrous connective tissue connecting the bones of the skull at birth:

A

Fontanels

226
Q

C2

A

Axis

227
Q

Projection on atlas that forms a pivot point with C2:

A

Dens or odontoid process

228
Q

Superior portion of the sternum:

A

Manubrium

229
Q

Notch between sterna body and the manubrium:

A

Angle of Louis

230
Q

Head of femur with this curved surface of the pelvis:

A

Acetabulum

231
Q

The cation that is the key that unlocks the active site of an actin molecule:

A

Calcium

232
Q

The anatomical division of the nervous system divided into:

A

CNS and ANS

233
Q

Motor commands are carried to muscles/glands via this division:

A

Efferent

234
Q

Spaces between myelin sheath of a neuron:

A

Nodes of Ranvier

235
Q

Shift of membrane potential toward -70 mV (potassium leaves the cell):

A

Repolarization

236
Q

Synapses that release ACh:

A

Cholinergic

237
Q

Region of brain that controls fine motor skills:

A

Cerebellum

238
Q

Hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland by:

A

Infidibulum (“pituitary stalk”)

239
Q

Stimulation of beta 2 receptors primarily cause:

A

Bronchodilation

240
Q

The sympathetic nervous system has what type of receptors:

A

Adrenergic

241
Q

Hormone that is considered a uterine stimulant:

A

Oxytocin

242
Q

Insulin and glucagon produced in the pancreas:

A

Islets of Langerhans

243
Q

Posterior pituitary gland produces what two major hormones:

A

ADH and oxytocin

244
Q

Hormone that increases production of red blood cells from bone marrow:

A

EPO

245
Q

What is low white blood cell count?

A

Leukopenia

246
Q

Inner lining of the heart:

A

Endocardium

247
Q

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle:

A

Tricuspid or right atrioventricular

248
Q

Left coronary artery divides into:

A

Left circumflex and left anterior descending

249
Q

Hardening of vessel walls:

A

Arteriosclerosis

250
Q

Collateral circulation created by bypassing vessels providing a pathway for blood:

A

Anastomosis

251
Q

Receptors sensitive to stretching, compression, or twisting:

A

Mechanoreceptors

252
Q

Fluid that fills the posterior chamber of the eye:

A

Vitreous humor

253
Q

Blockage of this causes glaucoma:

A

Canal of Schlem

254
Q

Type of lymphocyte that differentiates into plasma cells which produce and secrete antibodies:

A

B cells

255
Q

This acts as the body’s thermostat:

A

Hypothalamus

256
Q

Proteins that reset the hypothalamus and cause a rise in temperature:

A

Pyrogens

257
Q

Delivery of blood to capillary beds/tissues:

A

Perfusion

258
Q

Three types of COPD:

A

Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

259
Q

Sphincter between the esophagus and stomach:

A

Cardiac sphincter

260
Q

Cranial nerve X

A

Vagus

261
Q

Cranial nerve II

A

Optic

262
Q

Last part of the small intestine responsible for food bolus preparation:

A

Ileum

263
Q

Sharp specific abdominal pain known as:

A

Somatic

264
Q

Descending loop of Henle is responsible for:

A

Reabsorption of water

265
Q

Kidney stones:

A

Renal calculi

266
Q

Occurs when alveolar ventilation is increased, resulting in excess elimination of CO2:

A

Respiratory alkalosis

267
Q

When the amount of acid generated exceeds the body’s buffering system:

A

Metabolic acidosis

268
Q

95% of cellular energy is a result of this system:

A

Electron transport system

269
Q

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose:

A

Glycogenolysis

270
Q

This enzyme breaks down pyruvic acid in the mitochondria and starts the TCA:

A

Conenzyme A

271
Q

Endometrial tissue found outside of the uterus:

A

Endometriosis

272
Q

Term associated with the first menstrual cycle:

A

Menarche

273
Q

A chemical that causes malformation of a fetus:

A

Teratogen

274
Q

Three stages of labor:

A

Dilation, expulsion, placental

275
Q

A woman who has been pregnant more than once:

A

Multigravida

276
Q

***Cells break down organic molecules to obtain energy usually in the form of ____.

A

ATP

277
Q

The synthesis of new organic molecules that involves the formation of new chemical bonds is called ___.

A

Anabolism

278
Q

The liver stores ____ in case of depleted nutrients in the blood stream.

A

Glycogen and triglycerides (Both A and B)

279
Q

After the catabolism of glucose, a typical cell has gained ___ molecules.

A

36 ATP

280
Q

In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into what acid?

A

Pyruvic

281
Q

What is a lack of oxygen that inhibits or stops the TCA cycle called?

A

Hypoxia

282
Q

***___ is the synthesis of glucose from protein or lipid precursor molecules.

A

Gluconeogenesis

283
Q

***Which lipoprotein is commonly called “good cholesterol”?

A

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

284
Q

***Liver cells combine carbon dioxide with ammonia to create which water-soluble compound that is excreted from the body?

A

Urea

285
Q

Which type of diabetic patient requires insulin?

A

Type I

286
Q

___ is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of an object.

A

Convection

287
Q

Where are the heat-loss and heat-gain centers located?

A

Hypothalamus

288
Q

During hypothermia, the adrenal gland releases ___ to increase the breakdown of glycogen.

A

Epinephrine

289
Q

***When body temperature increases, the body responds by:

A

Increasing depth of respirations, Stimulating sweat glands, Dilating peripheral blood vessels (All of the above)

290
Q

***Parasympathetic innervation of the penile arteries that release ___ at their synaptic knobs causes the smooth muscle in the arterial walls to relax, resulting in an erection.

A

Nitric oxide

291
Q

***Sickle cell disease, spinal anesthesia, and drugs can cause a prolonged, usually painful erection called a ___.

A

Priapism

292
Q

Uterine glands open to what portion of the uterus?

A

Endometrium

293
Q

Which condition causes the female patient to have severe lower abdominal pain, a bloody, foul-smelling discharge, and fever, and usually begins two to three days after miscarriage.

A

Endomitritis

294
Q

___ is the period marked by the degeneration of the superficial functional zone of the endometrium.

A

Menses

295
Q

***Women who are ___ are at increased risk for venous thrombosis, strokes, and pulmonary embolism.

A

Taking oral contraceptives

296
Q

A zygote contains ___ chromosomes.

A

46

297
Q

***In an ectopic pregnancy the fertilized egg is implanted where?

A

Ovary, Abdomen, Fallopian tube (All of the above)

298
Q

Which of the following is a chemical that causes malformation of a fetus?

A

Teratogen

299
Q

***Rising oxytocin levels stimulate what?

A

Force and frequency of uterine contractions

300
Q

***The ___ stage of labor begins with the onset of labor, as the cervix dilates and the fetus begins to slide down the cervical canal.

A

Dilation

301
Q

By the ___ week of gestation, fetal heart tones can be auscultated by stethoscope.

A

20th

302
Q

Fetuses born after ___ weeks have an excellent chance of survival.

A

28

303
Q

What is primigravida?

A

A woman who is pregnant for the first time

304
Q

The mammary gland cells produce which is ingested by the breastfed newborn during the first two to three days of life.

A

Colostrum

305
Q

***___ is the naturally occurring termination of pregnancy.

A

Miscarrage, Spontaneous abortion (Both)