A&P Quizzes Flashcards
The human form shown upright, hands at the sides, palms forward, and feet together is in the ____ position.
Anatomical
A person lying face down is in the ___ position.
Prone
A person lying face up is in the ___ position.
Supine
**The frontal plane divides the body into ___ and ___ portions.
Anterior, posterior
The diaphragm separates the abdominopelvic and ___ cavities.
Thoracic
The layer of the pericardium covering the heart is the ___ pericardium.
Visceral
***The pericardium lies within the:
Mediastinum
___ is the anatomical term meaning “toward an attached base.”
Proximal
___ is an anatomical term meaning “above or at a higher level.”
Superior
The term ___ means “the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships between body parts.”
Anatomy
___ is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.
Physiology
The ___ level is comprised of the smallest stable units of matter.
Molecular
___ are the smallest living units in the body.
Cells
The pleural cavity surrounds what organ?
Lung
Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, considers:
Features visible with the naked, or unaided eye
T/F - The abdominal cavity can be divided into either four or nine regions.
True
T/F - The axial skeleton includes all limbs and supporting bones and ligaments.
False
T/F- Bone marrow acts as the primary site of red and white blood cell production.
True
T/F - The pituitary gland controls other endrocine glands and regulates growth and fluid balance.
True
T/F - The sagittal plane runs along the long axis of the body, extending anteriorly and posteriorly, and dividing the body into left and right portions.
True
___ processes require the cell to expend energy to move ions or molecules across the cell membrane, usually in the form of ATP.
Active
A(n) ___ is a subatomic particle with a negative charge.
Electron
***___ are atoms or molecules with an electric charge.
Anions, ions, cations (all of the above)
___ are chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations.
Ionic bonds
__ is stored energy.
Potential energy
___ are the essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet.
Nutrients
___ are compounds that stabilize pH by either removing or replacing hydrogen ions.
Buffers
Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are examples of:
Cations
What reaction breaks molecules into smaller fragments (for example, AB –> A + B)?
Decomposition reaction
Inorganic compounds do not contain hydrogen and ___ atoms.
Carbon
___ is a form of a decomposition reaction.
Catabolism, digestion, hydrolysis (all of the above)
___ is the net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively low concentration.
Diffusion
***What is the diffusion of water across a cell membrane called?
Osmosis
Which solution does not cause the net movement of water into or out of a red blood cell?
Isotonic
Which solution causes the movement of water into a red blood cell, causing it to swell and possibly lyse, or burst?
Hypotonic
***Which solution causes a red blood cell to lose water, causing the cell to shrink and dehydrate?
Hypertonic
***Glucose is passively transported across the cell membrane by binding it to a receptor site on a carrier protein in a process called:
Facilitated diffusion
***Lactated ringers and normal saline are examples of what type of IV fluid?
Crystalloid
The organelles that manufacture proteins, using information provided by the DNA of the nucleus, are called what?
Ribosomes
***What is an essential function of epithelial cells?
Control permeability, produce specialized secretions, provide physical protection (all of the above)
___ is an example of a connective tissue.
Blood, fat, bone (all of the above)
___ are responsible for engulfing damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue.
Macrophages
***___ are proteins that destroy invading microorganisms.
Antibodies
The watery matrix in blood is called:
Plasma
What type of muscle is also known as striated voluntary muscle because it is controlled by the nervous system and has a striated appearance?
Skeletal
___ is a brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment that accumulates in the epidermal cells.
Melanin
Reddish-purple blotches due to leakage of blood from an artery or vein are called:
Ecchymosis
___ is the medical condition characterized by the eruption of groups of vesicles along the dermatome of a sensory nerve.
Herpes zoster
The integument contains two types of exocrine glands, sweat and:
Sebaceous
***The primary function of merocrine sweat glands is what?
To cool the surface of the skin
***A blood clot consists mainly of an insoluble network of:
Fibrin
An ___ is an injury where a flap of skin and tissues are torn loose or torn off.
Avulsion
***Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?
The production of red blood cells within the red marrow
***What is the expanded portion at each end of a long bone called?
Epiphyses
The outer surface of a bone is covered by a(n):
Periosteum
Which of the following plays an important part in normal calcium metabolism?
Vitamin D3
Which of the following works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to elevate calcium levels in the body?
Calcitrol
***A partial displacement of a bone end from its position within a joint capsule is a what?
Subluxation
A ___ fracture has multiple bone fragments at the fracture site?
Comminuted
The pelvic girdle is included in what division of the skeleton?
Appendicular
The ___ connects the cranial cavity with the spinal cavity and has the spinal cord passing through it.
Foramen magnum
Which of the following is suspended below the skull and serves as a base for muscles associated with the larynx, tongue, and pharynx?
Hyoid
What is the fibrous connective tissue connecting the bones of the skull at birth called?
Fontanels
The ___ is the projection on the atlas (C1) that forms a pivot joint with the axis (C2) to allow a person to rotate their head side to side?
Dens and odontoid process (both)
The superior portion of the sternum is called the what?
Manubrium
The arm, or brachium, contains what single bone?
Humerus
The head of the femur connects with what curved surface of the pelvis?
Acetabulum
Which of the following is a function of skeletal muscle?
To produce movement of the skeleton and To maintain body temperature (both)
***___ is the “key” that “unlocks” the active site of an actin molecule.
Calcium
***___ is the neurotransmitter or chemical released by a motor neuron to communicate with other cells.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
***Arm muscles, after being in a cast, can develop smaller and weaker muscle fibers in a condition called:
Atrophy
***The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm of the cell is called:
Glycolysis
***The specialized sites that are contact between cardiac muscle cells are called what?
Intercalated discs
***The specialized cells that determine the timing of cardiac muscle contractions are called what?
Pacemaker cells
***Which muscle separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Diaphragm
All neural tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord makes up which nervous system?
Peripheral
***Information is carried to the CNS by the ___ division, and motor commands are carried to the muscles and glands via the ___ division.
Afferent, efferent
___ increase(s) the speed at which action potential travels along the axon of an oligodendrocyte.
Myelin
Which of the following is an example of a demyelination disorder?
Heavy metal poisoning, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Multiple sclerosis (all of the above)
***What is a shift of membrane potential toward 0 mV called? An example is the entry of sodium into the cell.
Depolarization
*** is when a cell membrane cannot respond normally to further stimulation.
The refractory period
Synapses that release norepinephrine are called:
Adrenergic
The three layers of specialized membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are the:
Meninges
Which region of the brain controls conscious thoughts, sensations, memory storage, and complex movements?
Cerebrum
The hypothalamus is connected to what gland, which is the primary link between the nervous system and endocrine system?
Pituitary
***Which region of the brain is responsible for control of autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive activities?
Medulla oblongata
***Which of the following is caused by an imbalance in the amount of CSF fluid produced and the rate at which it is absorbed?
Hydrocephalus
***The ___ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies.
Sympathetic
***The stimulation of Beta 1 receptors causes which of the following?
An increase in cardiac contractility, an increase in heart rate, an increase in cardiac conduction (All of the above)
***The parasympathetic nervous system has nicotinic and ___ receptors.
Muscarinic
What are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system called?
Hormones
***The ___ provides the highest level of endocrine control by acting as an important link between the nervous system and endocrine systems.
Hypothalamus
The hormones released by the ___ control other endocrine glands.
Anterior pituitary gland
***Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are produced by which gland?
Posterior pituitary gland
***What is the primary function of the antidiuretic hormone?
To decrease the amount of water lost in urine
The hormone that stimulates smooth muscle contractions during labor and delivery is:
Oxytocin
***What disease occurs when the kidneys cannot respond to ADH or there is an inadequate release of ADH into the body?
Diabetes insipidus
***Which corticosteroid affects the electrolyte composition of body fluids?
Aldosterone
Which of the following affects glucose metabolism?
Cortisol
Epinephrine is produced by which gland?
Adrenal medulla
The endocrine cells of which organ produce glucagon and insulin?
Pancreas
***The alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans produce which hormone?
Glucagon
***Which hormone is released by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow?
Erythropoietin
In a(n) ___ effect, one hormone must be present for another to work.
Permissive
A(n) ___ effect can result in two hormones having a net effect greater than the sum of their individual effects.
Synergistic
Blood reduces fluid loss at injury sites by which of the following?
Clotting
***What are special proteins that attack invading organisms called?
Antibodies
***What is the average pH of whole blood?
7.35 to 7.45
***Which of the following is the most abundant plasma protein and the one responsible for the osmotic pressure of plasma?
Albumin
Which plasma protein is responsible for antibodies and transport proteins?
Globulins
***Which plasma protein attacks foreign proteins and pathogens?
Immunoglobulins
***Which plasma protein is involved in blood clotting?
Fibrinogens
___ bind(s) and transport(s) carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Hemoglobin
***The ___ is the percentage of whole blood volume occupied by cellular elements.
Hematocrit
Which surface antigen on red blood cells determines blood type?
A, B, and Rh (All of the above)
***What is thrombocytopenia?
Low platelet count
Which chambers of the heart are associated with the pulmonary circuit?
Right ventricle, left atrium
What connective tissue divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities and encloses the heart?
Mediastinum
The muscular wall of the heart is called the what?
Myocardium
***Which of the following is true of the foramen ovale?
Closes at birth, Penetrates the interatrial septum from the fifth week of embryonic development until birth, Allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium (All of the above)
***The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is the:
Mitral valve, Bicuspid valve, Left arterioventricular valve (All of the above)
***The right coronary artery divides into what branches?
Marginal and posterior interventricular
***What is an area of dead tissue caused by an interruption in cardiac blood flow called?
Infarct
***The influx of ___ rapidly depolarizes the cardiac contractile cells.
Sodium
***The introduction of ___ initiates contraction during the plateau phase.
Calcium
***The normal rate of contraction is established by ___ cells, the nodal cells that reach threshold first.
Pacemaker
***___ form branching networks and are barely the diameter of a single red blood cell.
Capillaries
***Which layer of a blood vessel contains smooth muscle tissue?
Tunica media
***The formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media associated with damage to the endothelial lining is called what?
Atherosclerosis
***Which of the following controls the flow of blood into the capillary?
Precapillary sphincter
***___ is the formed tubule through which blood completely bypasses a capillary bed.
Arteriovenous anastomosis
***___ is the resistance to flow resulting from interactions among molecules and suspended materials in a liquid.
Viscosity
***___ is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.
Pulse pressure
***Which of the following affects tissue perfusion?
Cardiac output, Blood pressure, Peripheral resistance (All of the above)
***Which portion of the brain has the cardiac and vasomotor centers?
Medulla oblongata
Receptors sensitive to chemical stimuli are called what?
Chemoreceptors
***The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called what?
Referred pain
***Which of the following monitor changes in pressure, such as in the carotid artery and aorta?
Baroreceptors
The chemoreceptors that monitor pH, oxygen levels, and carbon dioxide levels in the blood are located in the:
Carotid bodies
The clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye and helps give it its shape is called:
Aqueous humor
Which of the following photoreceptors provides color vision?
Cones
___ is caused by an elevation in pressure inside the eye.
Glaucoma
***___ is the body’s ability to resist infection and disease through the activation of specific defenses.
Immunity
***Which type of lymphocyte directly attacks foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses?
T cells
***Which type of lymphocyte can differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete antibodies?
B cells
***The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is found where?
Spleen
___ in peripheral tissues remove cellular debris and respond to invasion by foreign compounds or pathogens.
Phagocytes
The phenomenon of being attracted to or repelled by chemicals in surrounding fluid is called what?
Chemotaxis
___ is the process of NK cells constantly monitoring normal tissues.
Immunological surveillance
***___ are small proteins released by activated tissue cells infected with viruses.
Interferons
***Which chemicals initiate the process of inflammation?
Histamine and heparin
***The ___ acts as the body’s thermostat.
Hypothalamus
***Which proteins reset the body’s “thermostat” and cause a rise in body temperature?
Pyrogens
Which medicine is considered an antipyretic?
Acetaminophen, Aspirin (both)
***___ immunity appears after exposure to an antigen as a consequence of the immune response.
Active
When antibodies produced by a mother protect her baby against infections, it is called ___ immunity.
Passive
A(n) ___ process requires oxygen.
Aerobic
***Which of the following genetic diseases involves the goblet cells producing dense, viscous mucus that cannot be transported by respiratory cilia?
Cystic fibrosis
The division of the trachea into the right and left primary bronchi occurs at the:
Carina
Which of the following breaks the fluid bond between the pleurae?
Pneumothorax
***Which of the following is treated by a pleural decompression?
Tension pneumo
***___ is the process that involves gas exchange and gas transport.
Respiration
What is the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs called?
Ventilation
***Which of the following is a type of obstructive lung disease?
Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema, Asthma (All of the above)
***___ levels are responsible for regulating respiratory activity under normal conditions.
Carbon dioxide
___ is the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments.
Digestion
What are the waves of muscular contractions that move along the length of the digestive tract called?
Peristalsis
Which nerve controls the stomach and initiates the production of gastric juice?
Vagus
Which condition is caused by abdominal organs sliding into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus?
Hiatal hernia
***The ___ is the second segment of the small intestine and does the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption.
Jejunum
***___ is esophageal laceration secondary to vomiting.
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
The cystic duct leaves the liver and leads to the:
Gallbladder
Which of the following is a general function of the liver?
Bile production, Metabolic regulation, Hematological regulation (All of the above)
***What is the most common cause of cirrhosis?
Chronic alcohol abuse
***The liver receives about ___ percent of cardiac output.
25
What is the most common cause of chronic viral hepatitis in the United States?
Hep C
***Roughly half our daily vitamin ___ requirements are produced by intestinal bacteria.
K
***Patients with hollow organ problems tend to have:
Diffuse abdominal pain
The renal tubule is responsible for:
Reabsorbing useful organic molecules, Secreting any waste products missed by the filtration process, Reabsorbing water (All of the above)
***Filtration membranes allow the passage of:
Water, ions, and glucose
In the proximal convoluted tube, water moves out of the tubular fluid by what process?
Osmosis
***The ascending limb loop of Henle actively transports:
Sodium
***The hormone erythropoietin and the enzyme renin are secreted by the:
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
Which is a metabolic waste product of the breakdown of amino acids?
Urea
Which hormone, when at lower levels, decreases water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
In ___, the functions of damaged kidneys are performed by a machine that facilitates diffusion between the patient’s blood and a carefully regulated fluid.
Dialysis
Which of the following is a major hormone involved in regulating kidney function?
Aldosterone, ADH, Angiotensin II (All of the above)
***Atrial natriuretic peptide is released by ___ when blood volume and blood pressure are too high and opposes the actions of the renin-angiotensin system.
Atrial cardiac muscle cells
Kidney stones consisting of ___ are the most common.
Calcium salts
***The ___ and kidneys play key roles in maintaining the acid-base balance of body fluids.
Lungs
If extracellular fluids (ECF) become hypertonic, as compared to the intracellular fluid (ICF), water will move in which direction?
From the cells into the ECF
***In response to circulating aldosterone, the kidneys ___ sodium ions.
Reabsorb
***Severe acidosis can cause what effect on the body?
CNS deterioration, Peripheral vasodilation, Weak cardiac contractions (All of the above)
***___ occurs when alveolar ventilation is increased, resulting in excess elimination of CO2.
Respiratory alkalosis
The ___ buffer system depends on the ability of amino acids to respond to changes in pH by accepting or releasing hydrogen ions.
Protein
Macroscopic anatomy is:
Gross anatomy
What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
The opening that allows the esophagus to pass through the diaphragm:
Esophageal hiatus
Anatomical term meaning “away from an attached base”:
Distal
Smallest living unit in the body:
Cells
Pericardial cavity surrounds this organ:
Heart
This includes all limbs and supporting bones and ligaments
Appendicular skeleton
The primary site of red and white blood cell production:
Bone marrow
A subatomic particle with a negative charge:
Electron
Atoms or molecules with an electric charge:
Ions
Weak chemical bonds formed from an attraction between hydrogen and oxygen:
Hydrogen bonds
Energy of motion:
Kinetic energy
Compounds that lower the activation energy of a reaction and “speed up” a reaction:
Catalyst
Second most abundant intracellular cation:
Magnesium
A reaction that breaks down compounds into smaller components:
Decomposition
Synthesis of organic compounds from simpler precursors:
Anabolism
Reaction that adds a water molecule across an organic bond:
Hydrogenation
Diffusion of water across a cell membrane:
Osmosis
A solution that causes movement of water into a red blood cell and cause it to lyse:
Hypotonic
Movement of molecules across the concentration gradient requiring energy:
Active transport
The organelles responsible for the break down and recycling of proteins:
Proteosomes
Three classifications of connective tissue:
Connective tissue proper, fluid, and supporting
Mast cells release what two chemicals:
Histamine and heparin
Two functions of sebaceous glands:
Lubrication and protection
Area of skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers by a single posterior spinal root:
Dermatome
Shaft of the bone:
Diaphysis
Decreased levels of vitamin D3 can cause:
Rickets (brittle bones)
This hormone inhibits osteoclasts, lowering calcium levels in the blood:
Calcitonin
A complete displacement of a bone end from its position within a joint capsule:
Dislocation
Fibrous connective tissue connecting the bones of the skull at birth:
Fontanels
C2
Axis
Projection on atlas that forms a pivot point with C2:
Dens or odontoid process
Superior portion of the sternum:
Manubrium
Notch between sterna body and the manubrium:
Angle of Louis
Head of femur with this curved surface of the pelvis:
Acetabulum
The cation that is the key that unlocks the active site of an actin molecule:
Calcium
The anatomical division of the nervous system divided into:
CNS and ANS
Motor commands are carried to muscles/glands via this division:
Efferent
Spaces between myelin sheath of a neuron:
Nodes of Ranvier
Shift of membrane potential toward -70 mV (potassium leaves the cell):
Repolarization
Synapses that release ACh:
Cholinergic
Region of brain that controls fine motor skills:
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland by:
Infidibulum (“pituitary stalk”)
Stimulation of beta 2 receptors primarily cause:
Bronchodilation
The sympathetic nervous system has what type of receptors:
Adrenergic
Hormone that is considered a uterine stimulant:
Oxytocin
Insulin and glucagon produced in the pancreas:
Islets of Langerhans
Posterior pituitary gland produces what two major hormones:
ADH and oxytocin
Hormone that increases production of red blood cells from bone marrow:
EPO
What is low white blood cell count?
Leukopenia
Inner lining of the heart:
Endocardium
Valve between right atrium and right ventricle:
Tricuspid or right atrioventricular
Left coronary artery divides into:
Left circumflex and left anterior descending
Hardening of vessel walls:
Arteriosclerosis
Collateral circulation created by bypassing vessels providing a pathway for blood:
Anastomosis
Receptors sensitive to stretching, compression, or twisting:
Mechanoreceptors
Fluid that fills the posterior chamber of the eye:
Vitreous humor
Blockage of this causes glaucoma:
Canal of Schlem
Type of lymphocyte that differentiates into plasma cells which produce and secrete antibodies:
B cells
This acts as the body’s thermostat:
Hypothalamus
Proteins that reset the hypothalamus and cause a rise in temperature:
Pyrogens
Delivery of blood to capillary beds/tissues:
Perfusion
Three types of COPD:
Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
Sphincter between the esophagus and stomach:
Cardiac sphincter
Cranial nerve X
Vagus
Cranial nerve II
Optic
Last part of the small intestine responsible for food bolus preparation:
Ileum
Sharp specific abdominal pain known as:
Somatic
Descending loop of Henle is responsible for:
Reabsorption of water
Kidney stones:
Renal calculi
Occurs when alveolar ventilation is increased, resulting in excess elimination of CO2:
Respiratory alkalosis
When the amount of acid generated exceeds the body’s buffering system:
Metabolic acidosis
95% of cellular energy is a result of this system:
Electron transport system
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose:
Glycogenolysis
This enzyme breaks down pyruvic acid in the mitochondria and starts the TCA:
Conenzyme A
Endometrial tissue found outside of the uterus:
Endometriosis
Term associated with the first menstrual cycle:
Menarche
A chemical that causes malformation of a fetus:
Teratogen
Three stages of labor:
Dilation, expulsion, placental
A woman who has been pregnant more than once:
Multigravida
***Cells break down organic molecules to obtain energy usually in the form of ____.
ATP
The synthesis of new organic molecules that involves the formation of new chemical bonds is called ___.
Anabolism
The liver stores ____ in case of depleted nutrients in the blood stream.
Glycogen and triglycerides (Both A and B)
After the catabolism of glucose, a typical cell has gained ___ molecules.
36 ATP
In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into what acid?
Pyruvic
What is a lack of oxygen that inhibits or stops the TCA cycle called?
Hypoxia
***___ is the synthesis of glucose from protein or lipid precursor molecules.
Gluconeogenesis
***Which lipoprotein is commonly called “good cholesterol”?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
***Liver cells combine carbon dioxide with ammonia to create which water-soluble compound that is excreted from the body?
Urea
Which type of diabetic patient requires insulin?
Type I
___ is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of an object.
Convection
Where are the heat-loss and heat-gain centers located?
Hypothalamus
During hypothermia, the adrenal gland releases ___ to increase the breakdown of glycogen.
Epinephrine
***When body temperature increases, the body responds by:
Increasing depth of respirations, Stimulating sweat glands, Dilating peripheral blood vessels (All of the above)
***Parasympathetic innervation of the penile arteries that release ___ at their synaptic knobs causes the smooth muscle in the arterial walls to relax, resulting in an erection.
Nitric oxide
***Sickle cell disease, spinal anesthesia, and drugs can cause a prolonged, usually painful erection called a ___.
Priapism
Uterine glands open to what portion of the uterus?
Endometrium
Which condition causes the female patient to have severe lower abdominal pain, a bloody, foul-smelling discharge, and fever, and usually begins two to three days after miscarriage.
Endomitritis
___ is the period marked by the degeneration of the superficial functional zone of the endometrium.
Menses
***Women who are ___ are at increased risk for venous thrombosis, strokes, and pulmonary embolism.
Taking oral contraceptives
A zygote contains ___ chromosomes.
46
***In an ectopic pregnancy the fertilized egg is implanted where?
Ovary, Abdomen, Fallopian tube (All of the above)
Which of the following is a chemical that causes malformation of a fetus?
Teratogen
***Rising oxytocin levels stimulate what?
Force and frequency of uterine contractions
***The ___ stage of labor begins with the onset of labor, as the cervix dilates and the fetus begins to slide down the cervical canal.
Dilation
By the ___ week of gestation, fetal heart tones can be auscultated by stethoscope.
20th
Fetuses born after ___ weeks have an excellent chance of survival.
28
What is primigravida?
A woman who is pregnant for the first time
The mammary gland cells produce which is ingested by the breastfed newborn during the first two to three days of life.
Colostrum
***___ is the naturally occurring termination of pregnancy.
Miscarrage, Spontaneous abortion (Both)
