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A&P 1 > A&P Practical 1 > Flashcards

A&P Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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2
Q

Posterior

A

Back

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3
Q

Superficial

A

Near the surface

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4
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface

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5
Q

(think in height)

Superior

A

Above

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6
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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7
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

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8
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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9
Q

Ventral

A

Related to the belly

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10
Q

Dorsal

A

Related to the back

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11
Q

(think approximately)

Proximal

A

Near to

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12
Q

(think distance)

Distal

A

Far from

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13
Q

Anatomical position

A

Body upright, feet hip distance apart, arms by one’s side, face forward, hands rotated; palms forward

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14
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

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15
Q

Cranial

A

Skull

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16
Q

Facial

A

Face

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17
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

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18
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest

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19
Q

Sternal

A

Sternum

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20
Q

Pectoral

A

Lateral to sternum

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21
Q

Umbilical

A

Navel

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22
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

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23
Q

Pubic

A

Genitals

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24
Q

Nuchal

A

Back of the neck

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25
Q

what is my scapula?

Scapular

A

Shoulder blade

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26
Q

Vertebral

A

Midline of back

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27
Q

Lumbar

A

Lower back

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28
Q

Sacral

A

Bottom of the spine

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29
Q

Gluteal

A

Buttock

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30
Q

Perineal

A

Between anus & genitals

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31
Q

Acromial

A

Shoulder

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32
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

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33
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

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34
Q

Cubital

A

Anterior elbow

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35
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

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36
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

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37
Q

Palmar

A

Palm

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38
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

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39
Q

Patellar

A

Knee

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40
Q

Popliteral

A

Posterior knee

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41
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

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42
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

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43
Q

what part of your foot do you plant your foot on?

Plantar

A

Sole

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44
Q

where can you get caluses?

Calcaneal

A

Heel

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45
Q

Homeostasis

A

body’s internal environment

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46
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Opposes change in variable

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47
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Increases the response after a change in regulated variable (clotting when you get a cut)

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48
Q

Gradient

A

Gradual change in a variable’s characteristic across a certain area or distance (temperature, concentration, pressure)

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49
Q

Cell-cell communication

A

ensures homeostasis of the tissues/organs is maintained
one of two ways:
1. signaling
2. transduction

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50
Q

Type of signaling

A

Transmitted between neighboring cells - short-distance (Paracrine & Contact dependent)
Transmitted to distant cells to cause an effect - long-distance (Paracrine & Endocrine)

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51
Q

4 tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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52
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Continuous sheets of cells made up of different cell layers and shapes
2 layers: simple or stratified
3 cell shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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53
Q

Connective tissue

A

Scattered cells and fibers
Two components: specialized cells & extracellular matrix

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54
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A
  • Fibrous
  • Adipose
  • Blood
  • Cartilage
    • Elastic
    • Fibrocartilage
    • Hyaline
  • Bone
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55
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • Contains elastic fibers
  • Flexible support
  • Example: Outer ear
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56
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Organized collagen fibers
  • Shock absorption
  • Example: Intervertebral discs
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57
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • Unseen collagen fibers
  • Semi-rigid support that doesn’t require elasticity
  • Example: Articular cartilage, knee
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58
Q

Connective tissue function

A
  • Structural framework
  • Transport of substances
  • Protection
  • Energy storage
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59
Q

5 main reasons we need skin

A

Protection
Temp. homeostasis
Sensation
Excretion
Vitamin D Synthesis

60
Q

Layers of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

61
Q

Epidermis

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Superficial layer
Made up of epithelial tissue

62
Q

Where is stratified tissue found?

A

Mouth, vagina, esophagus, anal canal
* Better bc it’s more protected

63
Q

Where is simple tissue found?

A

Internal surfaces of the body
- Lining the digestive tract
- Respiratory surfaces (lungs)
- Kidneys
- Various ducts and glands

64
Q

Where is a cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Liver, thyroid, gland, mammary

65
Q

Where is a squamous epithelium found?

A

Outer layer of skin, lining of mouth & esophagus, & lungs

66
Q

Where is a columnar epithelium found?

A
  • Bronchi
  • Fallopian tubes
67
Q

Dermis

A

Made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

68
Q

Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer
Anchors skin to the muscle & bone
Contains a layer of adipose (fat) and loose connective tissue

69
Q

Integument accessory structures

A

Sweat glands
Hair
Nails
Sensory receptors
Arrector pili muscles

70
Q

Layers of the Epidermis

A

(Come Let’s Get Sun Burned)
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

71
Q

Thick skin vs. thin skin

A
  • Soles and palms
  • 5 layers
    vs.
  • Everywhere else
  • 4 layers
72
Q

Epidermal pigments

A

Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

73
Q

Layers of the Dermis

A

Papillary layer
- Loose connective tissue
Reticular layer
- Dense irregular connective tissue
- Pacinian corpuscles - pressure migration

74
Q

Sweat

A

Mostly water
Salts & Vitamin D
Metabolic waste
Fatty acids & proteins

75
Q

Sebum

A

Waxy/oily mixture of lipids + cell debris
Hydrophobic barrier

76
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Lay down calcium-rich bone matrix
Bone deposition (osteogenesis)
Longitudinal (in epiphyseal line) & appositional growth (in periosteum)

77
Q

Osteocytes

A

Sits in lacunae
Connected by canaliculi
Maintains the matrix by signaling between osteoblasts and osteoclasts

78
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Breaks down bone in bone matrix Bone resorption (Osteolysis)
Contains lots of nuclei

79
Q

Bone matrix

A

A component of bone tissue made up of inorganic and organic fibers
Collagen - solid structure
Calcium & phosphate
Within the endosteum

80
Q

Inorganic fibers of the bone matrix

A

Mineral crystals
- Hydroxyapatite: Ca+2 & phosphate
- Makes bones hard, provides strength, & resists compression
W/O it- can’t resist

81
Q

Organic fibers of the bone matrix

A
  • Collagen fibers & ground substance
  • Makes bones strong
    W/O it- Brittle & shatter
82
Q

Compact bone

A

Forms the hard dense surface of our bones
Resists compression and twisting
Strength and hardness

83
Q

Osteon

A

A set of concentric lamellae surrounding a Haversian canal
3 subgroups:
- Central canal (Haversian)
- Lamellae
- Lacuna

84
Q

Haversian canal

A

Central channel containing blood vessels and nerves

85
Q

Lamellae

A

Concentric rings of bone matrix surrounding the Haversian canal

86
Q

Lacuna

A

Small pocket that contains an osteocyte

87
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small channels linking lacunae to blood vessels and other lacunae

88
Q

Spongy bone

A

Honeycomb-like framework
Makes bones lighter
Composed of trabeculae
Spaces filled with bone marrow (short, irregular, flat bones)

89
Q

Long bone

A

Longer than they are wide
Examples:
- Arm and leg bones

90
Q

Short bone

A

Nearly equal length and width
Examples:
- Wrist and ankle bones

91
Q

Flat bones

A

Rather thin, broad bones that typically enclose and protect soft organs
Examples:
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Cranial

92
Q

Irregular bones

A

Complex shapes that do not fit in one of the other 3 categories
Examples:
- Pelvis
- Facial bones

93
Q

Epiphysis

A

The end of the bone

94
Q

Diaphysis

A

The central shaft

95
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Where growth in bone length occurs, located in the epiphysis

96
Q

Marrow cavity

A

The hollow portion of the diaphysis, containing bone marrow or fat

97
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Layer of cartilage on the ends of the bone that provides a smooth surface for joint movement without bone-to-bone friction

98
Q

Suture

A

A joint between bones that make up the skull

99
Q

Foramen

A

Hole in the bone

100
Q

Fossa

A

Indentation in a bone into which another structure fits
(Ex: Intercondylar fossa)

101
Q

Process

A

Prominent bony projection

102
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone
(Ex: Lateral condyle)

103
Q

Head

A

Round projection from a bones epiphysis
(Ex: humerus head)

104
Q

Girdle

A

Surrounds and supports something
(Ex: Pectoral girdle - clavicle & scapula)

105
Q

Maxilla

A

Forms the anterior portion of the hard palate

106
Q

Mandibular fossa

A

Articulates with mandibular condyle

107
Q

Mandibular condyle

A

Articulates with mandibular fossa on temporal bone

108
Q

Occipital condyle

A

Articulates with first vertebra

109
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Exit for spinal cord

110
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Doesn’t articulate with any bone; important for tongue muscle attachment & suspension of the larnyx

111
Q

Clavicle

A

Part of pectoral girdle; forms the only bone articulation of the girdle with the axial skeleton

112
Q

Scapula

A

Part of pectoral girdle

113
Q

Acromion

A

Articulates with the clavicle

114
Q

Glenoid fossa

A

Articulates with humerus

115
Q

Humerus head

A

Articulates with glenoid fossa of scapula

116
Q

Olecranon fossa

A

Articulates with olecranon process of ulna; indicates the back side of humerus

117
Q

Capitulum

A

Articulates with head of radius

118
Q

Trochlea

A

Articulates with trochlear notch of the ulna

119
Q

Radius head

A

Articulates with the capitulum

120
Q

Styloid process

A

The medial/lateral side of the ulnar head; helps stabilize the joint

121
Q

Ilium

A

Forms the top part of the pelvic bone

122
Q

Greater sciatic notch

A

Deep groove within the spine

123
Q

Acetabulum

A

Articulates within the femur to form hip joint

124
Q

Obturator foramen

A

Carries nerves and vessels to lower limb

125
Q

Sacrum

A

Consists of 5 fused vertebrae; part of the axial skeleton

126
Q

Coccyx

A

Consists of 4-5 fused vertebrae; part of axial skeleton

127
Q

Ischium

A

A posteroinferior portion of the pelvic bone

128
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Cartilage pad between pubic bones

129
Q

Femur head

A

Articulates with the acetabulum

130
Q

Medial/lateral condyle

A

Articulates with tibia to form knee joint

131
Q

Intercondylar fossa

132
Q

Medial/lateral malleolus

A

the “bump” on the inside of the ankle

133
Q

Fibula head

A

Articulates with the tibia near the knee

134
Q

Talus

A

Articulates with tibia and fibula

135
Q

Calcaneous

A

Forms the heel; calcaneal tendon attaches to bone

136
Q

Joint

A

Any location where to bones interact

137
Q

Tenden

A

Connects muscle to bone/other structure

138
Q

Ligament

A

Connects one bone to another; reinforcer

139
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis that prevents bony surfaces from directly contacting one another

140
Q

Joint cavity

A

Space separating the articular cartilage

141
Q

Joint capsure

A

Fibrous enclosure around the joint

142
Q

Examples of immovable joints

A

Sutures, gomphoses, epiphyseal plates

143
Q

Examples of slightly movable joints

A

Ribs, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

144
Q

Examples of freely movable joints

A

Shoulder, elbow, hip, knee

145
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Lubricating fluid filling cavity

146
Q

Meniscus

A

Cartilage pads, in some joints; provide shock absorption and improved fit between the bones

147
Q

Bursa

A

Small connective tissue packets containing synovial fluid that minimizes friction between tendons and bone, or between skin and bone

A&P 1 (2 decks)

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