A&P Paramedic 1 Flashcards
Moves Compounds across a membrane to create and maintain an imbalance of charges
 Active transport
The temporary or permanent reduction of sensitivity to a particular stimulus
Adaptation
The nucleotide formed from the metabolism of nutrients in the cell involved in energy metabolism, used to store energy
Adenosine triphosphate ATP
The outer layer of the adrenal gland; it produces hormones that are important in regulating water and salt balance of the body
Adrenal cortex
Paired endocrine glands on top of the kidneys, which release, epinephrine and norepinephrine, when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system adrenal gland consist of inner adrenal medulla and an adrenal cortex
Adrenal glands
Having the characteristics of the sympathetic division and autonomic nervous system
Adrenergic
Hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to manufacture and secrete cortisol
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Metabolism that can proceeded only in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic metabolism
The perception that a stimulus is still present after the stimulus has been removed
After image
The pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood; increasing this pressure can decrease cardiac output
Afterload
The smallest of plasma proteins they make up 60% of the plasma, proteins and control the movement of water into an out of circulation
Albumins
Hormone that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium from the urine and excrete potassium by altering the osmotic gradient in the blood
Aldosterone
A pathologic condition resulting from the accumulation of bases in the body blood pH greater than 7.45
Alkalosis
Variant forms of a gene which can be identical or slightly different in a sequence of DNA
ALLELES
The air sex of the lungs, which exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide also the bony sockets for the teeth that reside in the mandible and maxilla
Alveoli
The building of larger substances from smaller substances, such as the building of proteins from amino acids
Anabolism
Metabolism that occurs in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic metabolism
The study of the structure of an organism and its parts
Anatomy
A prominence of the sternum that indicates the point where the second rib joins the sternum; also called the sternal angle or manubriosternal junction
Angle of Louis
A molecule that blocks the ability of a given chemical, to bind to its receptor, preventing a biological response
Antagonist
A protein, polysaccharide, glycol, protein, or glycol, lipid commonly found on the surface of red blood cell that stimulates an immune system response, and causes the formation of antibodies; cells learn to recognize antigens, as either self, or non-self
Antigen
The principal artery, leaving the left side of the heart, and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body; the largest artery in the body
Aorta
The semi lunar valve that regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta
Aortic valve
A portion of the pons that is thought to work with the Pontine respiratory group to regulate the length and depth of inspiration
APNEUSTIC CENTER
The portion of the skeletal system made up of the upper extremities, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle and lower extremities
Appendicular skeleton
Watery fluid, filling, anterior eye cavity; it’s quantity determines the intraocular pressure, which is critical to site
Aqueous humor
A type of loose connective tissue that bind skinned underlying organs and fills in spaces between muscles
Areolar tissue
Six paired cartrilages stacked on top of each other in the larynx
Arytenoid cartilages
Condition where parts of the image are out of focus, and others are in focus; caused by irregularities in the shape of the eye lens
Astigmatism
The first cervical vertebrae C1, which provides support for the head
Atlas
The two upper chambers of the heart
Atria
Hormone produced by the atria, when they are distended by increased blood volume; it inhibits the absorption of water and sodium in the renal tubules, thereby increasing the elimination of water
Atrial natriuretic peptide
A group of cells that slows the electrical impulses from the Sinoatrial node before, relaying it to the ventricles; located in the floor of the right atrium, immediately behind the tricuspid valve, and near the opening of the coronary sinus
Atrialventricular node
The marital and tricuspid valves, through which blood flows on its way from the atria to the ventricles
Atrioventricular valves AV
Ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to initiate an electrical impulse spontaneously, without being stimulated from another source (such as a nerve)
Automaticity
A subdivision of the nervous system, that controls primary involuntary body functions; composed of the sympathetic, and the parasympathetic nervous systems
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The chromosomes that do not carry genes that determine sex
Autosomes
The portion of the skeleton made up of the skull thoracic cage in vertebral column
Axial skeleton
And imaginary line, joining the positive and negative electrodes of a lead; also the second cervical vertebra
Axis
A long slender extension of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the nerve cell body to adjacent cells
Axon
Lymphocytes that exist in the blood and are abundant in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, intestinal, lining and spleen; also called B cells
B lymphocytes
Receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes and pressure in the heart or main arteries to help maintain homeostasis
Baroreceptors
Structures located deep within the cerebrum diencephalon and midbrain that have an important role in coordination of motor movements and posture
Basal ganglia
The heat energy produced at rest from normal body, metabolic reactions, determine mostly by the liver and skeletal muscles
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
White blood cells that contain histamine granules, and other substances that are released during inflammatory and allergic responses
Basophils
A waste product of red blood cell destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver
Bilirubin
The merging of two images into one
Binocular vision
A layer of tightly adhered cells that protects the brain and spinal cord from exposure to medication’s, toxin, and infectious particles
Blood brain barrier
Soft tissue that fills the inside of bones, and is the site of production of red blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells
Bone marrow
The collection of hollows in the bone ear that provide protection to the structures of the inner ear from damage, and from extraneous stimulation
Bony labyrinth
The area of the brain between the spinal cord, and the cerebrum that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as breathing
Brainstem
Abnormal wooshing sounds indicating turbulent blood flow with a narrowed, blood vessel, usually heard in the carotid arteries
Bruit
Fast acting defenses against acid base changes, which provide almost immediate protection against the changes in hydrogen ion concentration of extracellular fluid
Buffer systems
The portion of the heart conduction system located in the upper portion of the intraventricular septum that conducts electrical impulses from the atrioventricular junction to the right, and left bundle branches; also called the AV bundle
Bundle of His
A small pad like sack or cavity with a small amount of synovial fluid that helps reduce the amount of friction between a tendon and a bone, or between a tendon and a ligament. Usually located near a joint.
Bursa
The heel bone; the largest of the tarsal bones
Calcaneus
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; the amount of energy that can be obtained from the nutrients taken in through the diet; also called a kilocalorie
Calorie
Substances, including sugars, and starches that provide much of the energy required by the body cells and helps build cell structure
Carbohydrate
The period from one cardiac contraction to the next each cardiac cycle consist of ventricular contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)
Cardiac cycle
A ridge like projection of tracheal Cartilage located where the trachea bifurcates into the left and right main stem bronchi
Carina
The eight small bones of the wrist
Carpal bones
Joints connected by hyaline Cartage, or fibrocartilage, such as the joints that separate the vertebrae
Cartilaginous joints
The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
Catabolism
A clouding of the lens of the eye that is normally a result of aging
Cataract
Amine substances, such as dopamine epinephrine, and norepinephrine that function as neurotransmitters, hormones, or both
Catecholamines
(Cat a Cole a means)
A biochemical process resulting in the production of energy in the form of ATP
Cellular respiration
The brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
Area of the brain involved in fine and gross muscle coordination; responsible for interpretation of actual movement, and correction of any movements that interfere with coordination in the bodies position
Cerebellum
The outer covering of gray matter that covers the cerebral hemispheres; regulates, voluntary skeletal movements, and plays an important role in the individuals level of awareness
Cerebral cortex
Pressure inside the cerebral arteries and an indicator of brain perfusion; calculated by subtracting intercranial pressure from the mean arterial pressure
Cerebral, perfusion pressure
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space, and bathes the meninges
CSF
The largest part of the brain made up of several loaves that control movement. Balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality; divided into right, and left hemispheres also called gray matter.
Cerebrum
The interior of the cervix
Cervical canal 
The narrows portion lower third of the neck of the uterus that opens into the vagina
Cervix
SENSE organs that monitor the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the pH of CSF and blood; they provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate of depth of breathing, based on the bodies needs at any given time
Chemoreceptors
Having the characteristics of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system; also refers to the other structures or functions that are related to acetylcholine
Cholinergic
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach the atrioventricular valves in the heart, prevent them from inverting
Chordae tendineae
The vascular pigmented middle layer of the eye wall
Choroid
(Cor Roid)
Group of specialized cells in the ventricles of the brain that filter blood through cerebral capillaries to create CSF
Choroid plexus
Structures formed from condensed fibers and protein of DNA. These thread, like structures are found in the nucleus of the cell.
Chromosomes
Related to the effect of the rate of contraction of the heart
Chronotropic effect
The structure associated with the choroid layer of the eye that secretes acquiesce humor, and contains the ciliary muscle
Ciliary body
One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery
Circumflex coronary artery
A sequence of enzymatic reactions involving the metabolism of carbon chains of glucose fatty acids and amino acids to yield carbon dioxide water and high energy phosphate bonds; also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle
citric acid cycle
A set of interactions that lead to the formation of a fibrin clot; also called the coagulation cascade
Clotting cascade
The portion of the inner ear that has hearing receptors
Cochlea
A substance that can be broken down into two or more elements contained within it
Compound
The property that allows a cardiac cell to receive an electrical impulse and pass it on to an adjoining cardiac cell
Conductivity
One of the two kinds of photo receptors within the retina that could distinguish colors it requires a greater amount of light to activate and create an image
Cones
