Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal Exam 1 > A&P of the Renal System > Flashcards

A&P of the Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney Functions

A

Removal of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals
Regulation of water and electrolyte balances
Regulation of acid-base balance
Regulation of arterial BP
Secretion of hormones
Gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What hormone do the kidney secrete about 90% of?

A

Erthropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Each Kidney weighs?

A

150 grams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Medial side of the kidney contains

A

And indented region called the hilum which passes the renal artery, vein, nerve supply and ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Outer region of the kidney is called

A

Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Inner region of the kidney is called

A

Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The medulla is

A

dived into regions of cone-shaped masses called renal pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Minor and major calyx

A

Urine is formed here and sent to the pelvis and then the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Supplies the glomerulus with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Terminates from the first capillary bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Glomerulus

A

First capillary bed that supplies the kidneys

Very high pressued to produce filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Peritubular capillary bed

A

Second capillary bed
Low pressure
Can receive a lot of the filtrate that is being pushed out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Each kidney is made up of:

A

1 million nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

1st segment of the kidneys is made of the

A

Bowman’s capsule where the initial filtrate is received

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The 2nd segment is th

A

Proximal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The 3rd segment is the

A

Loop of Henle which is composed on a descending thin limb, ascending thin limb and a thick ascending limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The 4th segment is the

A

Macular densa which is the area that passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The 5th and last segment

A

Distal tubule where it is joined by 2+ nephrons to form a collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define Capillary endothelium

A

Contains anumber of large holes called fenestrae lending to the endothelium’s weak barrier characterisitcs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define Basement membrane

A

Meshwork of collagen and proteoglycans which filters a large amount of water and some solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define Epithelial cells

A

Not continuous and contain slit pores whereby the glomerular filtrate moves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the primary restriction point for plasma proteins?

A

Basement membrane

23
Q

Cells of the macula densa

A

Sense changes in volume or sodium concentration

Decreased sodium or volume will cause the macula densa cells to signal the JG cells to secrete renin

24
Q

Renin does what

A

Catalyzes the formation of AngII which constrics the efferent arterioles which increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure returning GFR to normal

25
Q

Excretion =

A

Filtrate rate - Reabsorption rate + Secretion rate

26
Q

For a substance to be reabsorbed it must be

A

Transported across (1) tubular epithelial membranes into the renal interstitial fluid (2) the peritubular capillary membrane back into the blood

27
Q

Types of diffusion

A

Paracellular
Transcellular
Osmosis

28
Q

Define Paracellular diffusion

A

Between two cells

29
Q

Define Transcellular diffusion

A

Across cell membranes

30
Q

Define Active Transport

A

Moving a solute against an electrochemical gradient and requiring energy

31
Q

Na K ATPase

A

Primary Active Transport
Basolateral side of the cell
Hydrolyzes ATP and uses that energy to transport Na out of the cell and into the interstitial while K is transported inside the cell

32
Q

Na K ATPase makes what and drives what

A

A negative electrical gradient
A chemical gradient bc Na wants back into the blood
Drives a lot of secondary active transport

33
Q

Define Secondary Active Transport and give examples

A

Co-transport
Counter transport
Two or more substance interact with a specific membrane protein and are transported across the membrane

34
Q

Co-transport Example

A 
Movement of sodium from the lumen to the cell energizes the movement of glucose and some amino acids
NKCC Cotransporters (thick ascending limb)
NaCl Cotransporter (distal)
35
Q

Counter Transporter Example

A

Inward movement of Na proves energy for outward movement of H

36
Q

Proximal Tubular Reabsorptions

A

65% of filtered load of sodium and water
High metabolic capacity
Extensive luminal brush border (larger surface area)
Large amounts of co-transporter protein and counter transporter proteins

37
Q

Thin descending and ascending segements

A

Have thin epithelial membranes with no brush border and few mitochondria

38
Q

Descending thin limb is

A

Highly permeable to water (20%)

39
Q

Ascending thick and thin limbs are

A

Virtually impermeable to water (concentrates the urine)

40
Q

Ascending thick limb has

A

thick epithelial cells with metabolic activity that can actively reabsorb Na K Cl Bicarbonate, Ca, and Mg
25%

41
Q

Tubular fluid becomes very dilute where?

A

Thick ascending limb

42
Q

Loop Diuretics (Furosemide, Endercrin, Bumex) work where?

A

NKCC Cotransporters

43
Q

Early Distal Tubule

A

First part = juxtoglomerular complex which provides feedback control for GFR and BF [macula densa]
Second part = Reabsorption of ions and impermeable to water

44
Q

Late Distal Tubule and Collecting ducts

A

Principal cells and intercalated cells

Impermeable to urea

45
Q

Principal cells

A

Reabsorb sodium and water from the lumen and secrete potassium into the lumen

46
Q

Intercalated cells

A

Reabsorbed potassium and secrete hydrogen into the lumen

47
Q

Late Distal Tubule and Collecting ducts Hormones

A

Aldosterone stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
ADH controls water permeability

48
Q

Medullary Collecting Duct

A

Reabsorbs <10% water and sodium
Controlled by ADH
Permeable to urea
Secrete hydrogen

49
Q

Excess water =

A

50 mOsmol/L

50
Q

Deficient water =

A

1200-1400 mOsmol/L

51
Q

High levels of ADH =

A

Concentrated urine

52
Q

Low levels of ADH =

A

Dilute urine

53
Q

Dilute urine causes changes where

A

Descending loop: water reabsorption via osmosis
Ascending loop: Ion reabsorptions
Distal tubule and collecting ducts: Reabsorb NaCl

54
Q

Requirements for forming concentrated urine

A

High levels of ADH

High renal medullary interstitial fluid osmolarity

Renal Exam 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions