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Neuromuscular Physical Therapy > A&P Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

A&P Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Relay center of brain

A

Thalamus (EXCEPT olfaction sense - goes straight to olfactory bulb in forebrain)

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2
Q

Pineal gland influences..

A

Circadian rhythm , also influences pituitary gland

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3
Q

Where is the substantia nigra?

A

Midbrain (in the brainstem)

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4
Q

Hypothalamus roles (2)

A
  1. Maintains homeostasis 2. Integrates and controls function of the ANS and neuroendocrine system
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5
Q

What circuit in the BG is responsible for procedural learning?

A

Limbic circuit

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6
Q

What nuclei is responsible for pain and arousal modulation?

A

The midline raphe nuclei in the pons

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7
Q

Which CN nuclei are located IN the PONS?

A

Abducens, trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear (CN V-VIII)

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8
Q

Which CN nuclei are located IN the MEDULLA OBLONGATA?

A

Hypoglossal, dorsal nucleus of vestibulocochlear and vagus (CN VIII, X & XII)

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9
Q

What aspect of the cerebellum connects w the vestibular system (concerned with EQUILIBRIUM and REGULATION OF MS TONE and helps coordinate VOR)?

A

Flocculonodular lobe (archicerebellum)

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10
Q

Broca’s area is located - & is responsible for ..?

A

The frontal lobe; associated with motor production of speech

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11
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex is where?

A

Post central gyrus

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12
Q

Wernicke’s area is located — and its function is —

A

Located in the TEMPORAL lobe; function is receptive language

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13
Q

Prefrontal cortex is responsible for /.

A

Emotions and judgments

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14
Q

The insula is associated with..

A

Visceral function

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15
Q

Limbic system is primarily responsible for .. (5)

A

Instincts, emotions, endocrine (sexual response), feeding and aggression

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16
Q

What loop in the BG is responsible for saccadic eye movements ?

A

The CAUDATE loop (oculomotor circuit) [frontal and supplementary motor eye fields] –> caudate

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17
Q

What does the putamen loop in the BG do ?

A
  • scales amplitude and velocity of movement - reinforces select patterns and suppresses conflicting patterns -PREPARATORY FOR MOVEMENT
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18
Q

Other name for cerebrum

A

Telencephalon

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19
Q

The anterior lobe (spinocerebellum/paleocerebellum) receives input from — pathways and is concerned with …

A

Proprioceptive pathways; concerned with modifying muscle tone and synergistic actions of muscles **maintains posture and voluntary movement control**

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20
Q

Posterior lobe of the cerebellum (aka neocerebellum or pontocerebellum) receives input from —- and is concerned with —-

A

Corticopontocerebellar tracts and olivocerebellar fibers; responsible for smooth coordination of voluntary movements , ensuring accurate force, direction and extent of movement **important for motor learning, sequencing movements, and visually triggered movements**

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21
Q

What part of the cerebellum may have a role in assisting cognitive function and mental imagery?

A

Neocerebellum (aka posterior lobe)

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22
Q

The spinal cord extends from — (bony landmark) to —

A

Foramen magnum to L1 (conus medullaris starts)

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23
Q

Which cells of the SC give rise to Efferent (MOTOR) neurons ?

A

Anterior horn cell bodies : ALPHA motor neurons affect MUSCLES , while GAMMA motor neurons affect MUSCLE SPINDLES

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24
Q

Which cells of the SC contain afferent (SENSORY) neurons ? And where are the cell bodies located ?

A

The POSTERIOR HORN CELLS ; their cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia

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25
The POSTERIOR lobe of the pituitary gland releases what hormones? (2)
Oxytocin & anti-diuretic hormone -influences BP, uterine contraction and urine production
26
the pituitary gland works closely in conjunction with ...
the hypothalamus ( the hypothalamus sends signals to the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland)
27
the amygdala and the hippocampus are parts of the ---- system
LIMBIC (basic drives and emotions)
28
the hypothalamus influences the endocrine system via...
activating the anterior and/or posterior lobes of the pituitary gland to release endocrine hormones -anterior lobe : ACTH, FSH, GH, LH, Prolactin and TSH -posterior lobe : oxytoxin & ADH
29
what structure in the brain helps humans to orient to a particular visual or auditory stimulus?
tectum of the MIDBRAIN (enables appropriate eye and body movement) -suppresses habituated stimuli and AMPLIFIES NOVEL STIMULI
30
the only sensation that is NOT relayed via the thalamus is..
OLFACTION
31
the CSF transports waste to the venous system via the ...
arachnoid villi
32
CSF is produced by..
the ependymal cells of the choroid plexus
33
afferent nerves aka ..
SENSORY
34
efferent nerves aka
MOTOR (impulses from CNS to the EFFECTORS)
35
fight or flight response is a production of the ----
sympathetic nervous system
36
substances that can readily pass through the blood brain barrier need to be ..
lipid soluble
37
the Vagus CN is part of the ---- (ANS)
parasympathetic
38
what system in the SC conveys sensations of PROPRIOCEPTION, VIBRATION & TACTILE DISCRIMINATION
dorsal column/medial leminiscal system
39
GENERALLY which of the SC tracts conveys SENSORY information?
the ascending tracts
40
The spinothalamic ascending pathway of the SC conveys..
conveys PAIN, TEMPERATURE & CRUDE TOUCH
41
the SPINOCEREBELLAR tract of the SC conveys.. this controls WHAT?
proprioceptive information from the muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and touch and pressure receptors to cerebellum ; This controls POSTURE and voluntary movement in the CEREBELLUM (unconscious)
42
the spinoRETICULAR tract of the SC conveys..
deep and chronic pain to the reticular formation of the brainstem
43
What CNs exit from the PONS?
IV - VIII trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear
44
Which CNs exit from the MEDULLA?
IX thru XII glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal
45
The descending (motor) tracts of the SC include:
1. corticospinal (voluntary motor control) 2. reticulospinal (transmits sensation esp pain, influences spinal reflexes) 3. tectospinal tract: (arises from midbrain, responsible for head-turning in response to visual stimuli) 4. vestibulospinal tract (muscle tone, antigravity muscles, adn postural reflexes) 5. rubrospinal tracts - assist in motor function (limb flexors)
46
The tract responsible for the control of muscle tone, antigravity muscles and postural reflexes is..
the VESTIBULOSPINAL tract -originates from vestibular nuclei in pons/medulla who get their input from the cerebellum
47
the SC tract responsible for voluntary motor control
corticospinal tract
48
what tract is involved in motor control, including the integration of sensory input to guide motor output -i.e. **using pain and/or reflex input to guide motoric response** **-what else is a major function of this tract?**
the RETICULOSPINAL tract this tract **ensures that _only noxious stimuli_ elicit a motor response** **-ALSO :** integrates motor information to **coordinate _automatic_ movements of locomotion& posture**
49
the tract that assists in **motor function especially limb flexors** is..
the rubrospinal tract
50
the tract responsbile for head-turning in response to visual stimuli is..
the tectospinal tract -originates in teh superior colliculus of the midbrain
51
The descending ANS arises from ... --\> projects to..
control centers in the HYPOTHALAMUS and LOWER BRAINSTEM (cardiac, respiratory & vasomotor) --\> projects to the preganglionic ANS segments in teh thoracolumbar (Sympathetic) & craniosacral (parasympathetic) segments
52
The Circle of Willis is formed by..
anterior communicating artery (connects 2 ACAs) & the posterior communicating artery (connects each PCA and MCA)
53
How does the ANS receive visceral afferent sensations?
via the GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (IX) & VAGUS (X) cranial nerves
54
THe ANS sends efferent motor output via what CNs?
oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) & vagus (X) -these CNs are the craniosacral division of the parasympathetic NS, also included are the pelvic nerves
55
The SYMPATHETIC division of the ANS originates WHERE in the SC?
thoracolumbar division (T1-L2)
56
which of the meninges carries the CSF?
the subarachnoid space between teh arachnoid and pia mater
57
which of the maters covers the brain surface directly?
the PIA mater
58
CSF flow:
originates in choroid plexus --\> lateral ventricles --\> (via foramen of Monro/interventricular foramina) 3rd ventricle --\> (via cerebral aqueduct) 4th ventricle --\> subarachnoid space --\> arachnoid villi (one way valve for CSF to flow into blood stream, NOT vice versa)
59
what percentage of the total blood volume is in teh brain?
18%
60
to provide some of the blood supply to the brain, the common carotid artery branches to form --\>
the INTERNAL carotid artery --\> MCA & ACA
61
The subclavian arteries give rise to --\> -WHAT parts of the brain does this eventually supply?
subclavian --\> vertebral arteries --\> basilar artery --\> PCAs (2) -supplies the BRAINSTEM, CEREBELLUM, OCCIPITAL LOBE & parts of the THALAMUS
62
a CVA that affected the PCA would POTENTIALLY affect what brain structures?
occipital lobe, cerebellum, brainstem & parts of the thalamus
63
what neurons are important for MYELIN and NEURON PRODUCTION?
neuroglia
64
an AP includes what two chemicals (mainly)?
Na + (influx) and K+ (outflow) --\> inside cell goes from -70 mV to +35 mV
65
relationship between axon diagmeter and conduction speed?
the LARGER the diameter, the FASTER it conducts
66
what type of nerve fiber is the fastest conductor?
A fibers (large, myelinated, fastest conducting) -alpha:
67
what type of afferent input do the C nerve fibers conduct?
**pain and reflex** responses (dorsal root fibers) - the smallest, unmyelinated and slowest conducting fibers \*however, **PAIN is also conducted via the A delta fibers**\*
68
what are the 2 possible origins of MOTOR (EFFERENT) FIBERS?
motor nuclei (CNs) or anterior horn cells
69
**sensory (afferent) fibers** originate WHERE?
sensory ganglia (CNs) OR dorsal root ganglia (spinal nerves) -BOTH are **OUTSIDE** of the brainstem/SC
70
ANS fibers originate WHERE?
sympathetic - thoracolumbar spinal segments parasympathetic - craniosacral segments
71
what CNs are **purely sensory?**
I, II & VIII -olfactory, optic (**visual acuity)** & vestibulocochlear (vestibular function, VOR, cochlear function)
72
what CNs are involved in the **pupillary reflexes?**
II & III - optic & oculomotor - **Horner's syndrome = unequal pupils,** indicates **CN III paralysis**
73
If, upon oculomotor testing, a patient cannot look outward, you suspect paralysis of ----
CN VI **abducens**
74
what is the function of the **trochlear nerve?**
**CN IV turns the adducted eye downward**
75
76
with a **nociceptive stimulus,** what **spinal reflex is evoked?**
-nociceptor --\> afferent to dorsal root gangion --\> interneuron (which elicits a polysynaptic response above and below the original vertebral level, inhibits the antagonist ms **and crosses grey matter to elicit _crossed extensor response_ on contralateral side**) --\> motor (efferent) neuron to flexor ms to withdraw
77
The chain of events elicited by a DTR are..
ms spindle is stretched --\> afferents to dorsal root gangion of SC --\> interneuron --\> motor (efferent) to **contract the stretched ms & inhibit the antagonist**
78
If someone has overactive reflexes (aka no agonist inhibition/diminition of force of agonist contraction) , the **spinal reflex that may be impaired is..**
Inverse stretch (myotatic) reflex - uses afferent Ib fiber from Golgi tendon organ via inhibitory interneuron to muscle of origin (polysynaptic) - its **stimulus is a ms contraction (aka the motoric response to the muscle stretch from the DTR elicited)**
79
What spinal reflex loop **allows muscle tension to come under control of descending pathways? (**i.e. reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, etc)
gamma reflex loop

Neuromuscular Physical Therapy (7 decks)

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