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Neuromuscular Physical Therapy > A&P Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

A&P Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Relay center of brain

A

Thalamus (EXCEPT olfaction sense - goes straight to olfactory bulb in forebrain)

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2
Q

Pineal gland influences..

A

Circadian rhythm , also influences pituitary gland

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3
Q

Where is the substantia nigra?

A

Midbrain (in the brainstem)

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4
Q

Hypothalamus roles (2)

A
  1. Maintains homeostasis 2. Integrates and controls function of the ANS and neuroendocrine system
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5
Q

What circuit in the BG is responsible for procedural learning?

A

Limbic circuit

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6
Q

What nuclei is responsible for pain and arousal modulation?

A

The midline raphe nuclei in the pons

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7
Q

Which CN nuclei are located IN the PONS?

A

Abducens, trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear (CN V-VIII)

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8
Q

Which CN nuclei are located IN the MEDULLA OBLONGATA?

A

Hypoglossal, dorsal nucleus of vestibulocochlear and vagus (CN VIII, X & XII)

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9
Q

What aspect of the cerebellum connects w the vestibular system (concerned with EQUILIBRIUM and REGULATION OF MS TONE and helps coordinate VOR)?

A

Flocculonodular lobe (archicerebellum)

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10
Q

Broca’s area is located - & is responsible for ..?

A

The frontal lobe; associated with motor production of speech

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11
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex is where?

A

Post central gyrus

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12
Q

Wernicke’s area is located — and its function is —

A

Located in the TEMPORAL lobe; function is receptive language

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13
Q

Prefrontal cortex is responsible for /.

A

Emotions and judgments

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14
Q

The insula is associated with..

A

Visceral function

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15
Q

Limbic system is primarily responsible for .. (5)

A

Instincts, emotions, endocrine (sexual response), feeding and aggression

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16
Q

What loop in the BG is responsible for saccadic eye movements ?

A

The CAUDATE loop (oculomotor circuit) [frontal and supplementary motor eye fields] –> caudate

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17
Q

What does the putamen loop in the BG do ?

A
  • scales amplitude and velocity of movement - reinforces select patterns and suppresses conflicting patterns -PREPARATORY FOR MOVEMENT
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18
Q

Other name for cerebrum

A

Telencephalon

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19
Q

The anterior lobe (spinocerebellum/paleocerebellum) receives input from — pathways and is concerned with …

A

Proprioceptive pathways; concerned with modifying muscle tone and synergistic actions of muscles **maintains posture and voluntary movement control**

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20
Q

Posterior lobe of the cerebellum (aka neocerebellum or pontocerebellum) receives input from —- and is concerned with —-

A

Corticopontocerebellar tracts and olivocerebellar fibers; responsible for smooth coordination of voluntary movements , ensuring accurate force, direction and extent of movement **important for motor learning, sequencing movements, and visually triggered movements**

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21
Q

What part of the cerebellum may have a role in assisting cognitive function and mental imagery?

A

Neocerebellum (aka posterior lobe)

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22
Q

The spinal cord extends from — (bony landmark) to —

A

Foramen magnum to L1 (conus medullaris starts)

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23
Q

Which cells of the SC give rise to Efferent (MOTOR) neurons ?

A

Anterior horn cell bodies : ALPHA motor neurons affect MUSCLES , while GAMMA motor neurons affect MUSCLE SPINDLES

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24
Q

Which cells of the SC contain afferent (SENSORY) neurons ? And where are the cell bodies located ?

A

The POSTERIOR HORN CELLS ; their cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia

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25
Q

The POSTERIOR lobe of the pituitary gland releases what hormones? (2)

A

Oxytocin & anti-diuretic hormone -influences BP, uterine contraction and urine production

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26
Q

the pituitary gland works closely in conjunction with …

A

the hypothalamus ( the hypothalamus sends signals to the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland)

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27
Q

the amygdala and the hippocampus are parts of the —- system

A

LIMBIC (basic drives and emotions)

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28
Q

the hypothalamus influences the endocrine system via…

A

activating the anterior and/or posterior lobes of the pituitary gland to release endocrine hormones -anterior lobe : ACTH, FSH, GH, LH, Prolactin and TSH -posterior lobe : oxytoxin & ADH

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29
Q

what structure in the brain helps humans to orient to a particular visual or auditory stimulus?

A

tectum of the MIDBRAIN (enables appropriate eye and body movement) -suppresses habituated stimuli and AMPLIFIES NOVEL STIMULI

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30
Q

the only sensation that is NOT relayed via the thalamus is..

A

OLFACTION

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31
Q

the CSF transports waste to the venous system via the …

A

arachnoid villi

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32
Q

CSF is produced by..

A

the ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

33
Q

afferent nerves aka ..

A

SENSORY

34
Q

efferent nerves aka

A

MOTOR (impulses from CNS to the EFFECTORS)

35
Q

fight or flight response is a production of the —-

A

sympathetic nervous system

36
Q

substances that can readily pass through the blood brain barrier need to be ..

A

lipid soluble

37
Q

the Vagus CN is part of the —- (ANS)

A

parasympathetic

38
Q

what system in the SC conveys sensations of PROPRIOCEPTION, VIBRATION & TACTILE DISCRIMINATION

A

dorsal column/medial leminiscal system

39
Q

GENERALLY which of the SC tracts conveys SENSORY information?

A

the ascending tracts

40
Q

The spinothalamic ascending pathway of the SC conveys..

A

conveys PAIN, TEMPERATURE & CRUDE TOUCH

41
Q

the SPINOCEREBELLAR tract of the SC conveys.. this controls WHAT?

A

proprioceptive information from the muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and touch and pressure receptors to cerebellum ; This controls POSTURE and voluntary movement in the CEREBELLUM (unconscious)

42
Q

the spinoRETICULAR tract of the SC conveys..

A

deep and chronic pain to the reticular formation of the brainstem

43
Q

What CNs exit from the PONS?

A

IV - VIII

trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear

44
Q

Which CNs exit from the MEDULLA?

A

IX thru XII

glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

45
Q

The descending (motor) tracts of the SC include:

A
  1. corticospinal (voluntary motor control)
  2. reticulospinal (transmits sensation esp pain, influences spinal reflexes)
  3. tectospinal tract: (arises from midbrain, responsible for head-turning in response to visual stimuli)
  4. vestibulospinal tract (muscle tone, antigravity muscles, adn postural reflexes)
  5. rubrospinal tracts - assist in motor function (limb flexors)
46
Q

The tract responsible for the control of muscle tone, antigravity muscles and postural reflexes is..

A

the VESTIBULOSPINAL tract

-originates from vestibular nuclei in pons/medulla who get their input from the cerebellum

47
Q

the SC tract responsible for voluntary motor control

A

corticospinal tract

48
Q

what tract is involved in motor control, including the integration of sensory input to guide motor output

-i.e. using pain and/or reflex input to guide motoric response

-what else is a major function of this tract?

A

the RETICULOSPINAL tract

this tract ensures that only noxious stimuli elicit a motor response

-ALSO : integrates motor information to coordinate automatic movements of locomotion& posture

49
Q

the tract that assists in motor function especially limb flexors is..

A

the rubrospinal tract

50
Q

the tract responsbile for head-turning in response to visual stimuli is..

A

the tectospinal tract

-originates in teh superior colliculus of the midbrain

51
Q

The descending ANS arises from …

–> projects to..

A

control centers in the HYPOTHALAMUS and LOWER BRAINSTEM (cardiac, respiratory & vasomotor)

–> projects to the preganglionic ANS segments in teh thoracolumbar (Sympathetic) & craniosacral (parasympathetic) segments

52
Q

The Circle of Willis is formed by..

A

anterior communicating artery (connects 2 ACAs) & the posterior communicating artery (connects each PCA and MCA)

53
Q

How does the ANS receive visceral afferent sensations?

A

via the GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (IX) & VAGUS (X) cranial nerves

54
Q

THe ANS sends efferent motor output via what CNs?

A

oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) & vagus (X)

-these CNs are the craniosacral division of the parasympathetic NS, also included are the pelvic nerves

55
Q

The SYMPATHETIC division of the ANS originates WHERE in the SC?

A

thoracolumbar division (T1-L2)

56
Q

which of the meninges carries the CSF?

A

the subarachnoid space between teh arachnoid and pia mater

57
Q

which of the maters covers the brain surface directly?

A

the PIA mater

58
Q

CSF flow:

A

originates in choroid plexus –> lateral ventricles –> (via foramen of Monro/interventricular foramina) 3rd ventricle –> (via cerebral aqueduct) 4th ventricle –> subarachnoid space –> arachnoid villi (one way valve for CSF to flow into blood stream, NOT vice versa)

59
Q

what percentage of the total blood volume is in teh brain?

A

18%

60
Q

to provide some of the blood supply to the brain, the common carotid artery branches to form –>

A

the INTERNAL carotid artery –> MCA & ACA

61
Q

The subclavian arteries give rise to –>

-WHAT parts of the brain does this eventually supply?

A

subclavian –> vertebral arteries –> basilar artery –> PCAs (2)

-supplies the BRAINSTEM, CEREBELLUM, OCCIPITAL LOBE & parts of the THALAMUS

62
Q

a CVA that affected the PCA would POTENTIALLY affect what brain structures?

A

occipital lobe, cerebellum, brainstem & parts of the thalamus

63
Q

what neurons are important for MYELIN and NEURON PRODUCTION?

A

neuroglia

64
Q

an AP includes what two chemicals (mainly)?

A

Na + (influx) and K+ (outflow) –> inside cell goes from -70 mV to +35 mV

65
Q

relationship between axon diagmeter and conduction speed?

A

the LARGER the diameter, the FASTER it conducts

66
Q

what type of nerve fiber is the fastest conductor?

A

A fibers (large, myelinated, fastest conducting)

-alpha:

67
Q

what type of afferent input do the C nerve fibers conduct?

A

pain and reflex responses (dorsal root fibers) - the smallest, unmyelinated and slowest conducting fibers

*however, PAIN is also conducted via the A delta fibers*

68
Q

what are the 2 possible origins of MOTOR (EFFERENT) FIBERS?

A

motor nuclei (CNs) or anterior horn cells

69
Q

sensory (afferent) fibers originate WHERE?

A

sensory ganglia (CNs) OR dorsal root ganglia (spinal nerves)

-BOTH are OUTSIDE of the brainstem/SC

70
Q

ANS fibers originate WHERE?

A

sympathetic - thoracolumbar spinal segments

parasympathetic - craniosacral segments

71
Q

what CNs are purely sensory?

A

I, II & VIII

-olfactory, optic (visual acuity) & vestibulocochlear (vestibular function, VOR, cochlear function)

72
Q

what CNs are involved in the pupillary reflexes?

A

II & III

  • optic & oculomotor
  • Horner’s syndrome = unequal pupils, indicates CN III paralysis
73
Q

If, upon oculomotor testing, a patient cannot look outward, you suspect paralysis of —-

A

CN VI abducens

74
Q

what is the function of the trochlear nerve?

A

CN IV turns the adducted eye downward

75
Q
A
76
Q

with a nociceptive stimulus, what spinal reflex is evoked?

A

-nociceptor –> afferent to dorsal root gangion –> interneuron (which elicits a polysynaptic response above and below the original vertebral level, inhibits the antagonist ms and crosses grey matter to elicit crossed extensor response on contralateral side) –> motor (efferent) neuron to flexor ms to withdraw

77
Q

The chain of events elicited by a DTR are..

A

ms spindle is stretched –> afferents to dorsal root gangion of SC –> interneuron –> motor (efferent) to contract the stretched ms & inhibit the antagonist

78
Q

If someone has overactive reflexes (aka no agonist inhibition/diminition of force of agonist contraction) , the spinal reflex that may be impaired is..

A

Inverse stretch (myotatic) reflex

  • uses afferent Ib fiber from Golgi tendon organ via inhibitory interneuron to muscle of origin (polysynaptic)
  • its stimulus is a ms contraction (aka the motoric response to the muscle stretch from the DTR elicited)
79
Q

What spinal reflex loop allows muscle tension to come under control of descending pathways? (i.e. reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, etc)

A

gamma reflex loop

Neuromuscular Physical Therapy (7 decks)

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