A&P Lecture Final Flashcards
What 3 things can you find in the brain stem?
- Medulla
- Pons
- Midbrain
What ventricle includes the brain stem?
4th ventricle
In what ventricle is the diencephalon located?
3rd ventricle
What 3 things are located in the diencephalon?
- Pineal gland
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus (including mammillary bodies)
What is located in the lateral ventricles?
Cerebrum
Where is the cerebellum located?
Rear base of the brain. Includes arbor vitae
What is the control of involuntary function?
Brain stem
The _______ contains all ascending and descending tracts (myelinated neurons) that connect the spinal cord and brain?
Medulla
The ventral side of the medulla contains ______?
Pyramids
What crosses over the pyramids in the medulla?
Motor Tracts
What are the 3 vital reflex centers of reticular formation?
- Cardiac center (
- Respiratory center
- Vasomotor center
What are the NON-vital centers of reticular formation?
- Controls swallowing
- Vomiting
- Coughing
- Sneezing
- Hiccuping
The _________ exerts its control over most visceral functions by relaying instructions through the medullary centers which carry out these instructions?
Hypothalamus
What connects the medulla with the midbrain AND the cerebellum with the cerebrum?
Pons
What is on the dorsal side of the Midbrain and includes the superior colliculi and inferior colliculi?
Corpora quadrigemina
What is the reflex center for movement of eye, head, neck and trunk in response to auditory stimuli?
Inferior colliculi
What is the reflex center for movement of eye, head, neck and trunk in response to visual stimuli?
Superior colliculi
The ________ connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle?
Cerebral Aqueduct
What is on the ventral side of the Midbrain and contain motor and sensory tracts and are the MAIN CONNECTIONS FOR TRACTS between the upper and lower parts of the brain and spinal cord?
Cerebral peduncles
2 Pigmented nuclei imbedded in white matter in the midbrain are?
- Red nucleus
2. Substantia Nigra
Fibers from cerebellum and cerebral cortex terminate here?
Also = the motor tract for muscle tone and posture
Red nucleus
What is the pigmented nuclei (cluster of cell bodies) included as part of the basal ganglia?
Substantia Nigra
Axons of the neurons from the substantial nigra project into the basal ganglia and secrete ______ into the basal ganglia?
Dopamine
Inadequate levels of dopamine secreted into the basal ganglia from substantia nigra axons result in ______ _____?
Parkinson’s disorder
_______ provides the reproductive function in most animals, but in humans it produces melatonin that helps regulate sleep/wake cycle and some aspects of mood?
Pineal gland
________ is produced during darkness and INACTIVATED by light?
Melatonin
What is considered the “inner room” of the brain and is joined by a bridge called the intermediate mass?
Thalamus
What is known as the “gateway to the cerebral cortex”?
Thalamus
The 2 masses of the thalamus form the lateral walls of the ________?
3rd ventricle
What is the function of the thalamus?
Incoming sensory neurons are SORTED, REGROUPED, and sent to the proper area of cerebral cortex where interpretation is made
All sensory EXCEPT ________ go here before being relayed to the sensory part of the cerebral cortex?
Olfactory synapse
What is also referred to as the “sensory relay station”?
Thalamus
What part of the brain is the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary glad via the _______?
infundibulum
What part of the brain controls the ANS, body temperature, pleasure center, and mammillary body?
Hypothalamus
What part of the brain controls olfactory reflexes as related to emotions?
Mammillary body (hypothalamus)
What is supported on the brain system and forms the bulk of the brain?
Cerebrum
What unfolds to increase the surface area of the brain?
Gyrus
What are the shallow grooves of the brain?
Sulcus
What are the deep grooves in the brain
Fissures
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
What divides the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe?
Central Sulcus
What part of the brain contains the motor function?
Precentral Gyrus
What part of the brain contains the sensory function?
Post central Gyrus
What divides the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe?
Lateral Cerebral Sulcus
What divides the right and left hemispheres?
Longitudinal Fissure
The cerebral cortex consists of what?
Outer gray
4” thick
6 layers of cell bodies
Cerebrum middle = ______ matter
White
The inner gray area of the cerebrum = ______ ____
Basal ganglia
What 3 areas is the cerebral cortex divided into?
- Sensory
- Motor
- Association = intellectual processes
Where is the post central gyrus located and what is its primary function?
Parietal lobe
primary somatosensory–localizes points on the body where general sensations such as touch, pressure, pain & temp sensations originate
Where is the somatosensory association area located?
Parietal lobe
sensory–integrates and interprets general sensations. Stores memories of past experiences and can compare current sensations with previous experiences
Where is the primary visual area located?
Occipital lobe
Where is the primary auditory area located?
Temporal lobe
What area determines if sound is speech, music or noise?
Auditory association area
What area is located in the parietal lobe at the base of the post central gyrus and interprets sensations related to taste?
Primary gustatory area
Where is the primary olfactory area located?
Temporal lobe on MEDIAL side
= pyriform lobe in sheep
Where is the primary motor area located and what does it control?
Pre central gyrus
Skeletal muscle movement on the opposite side of the body…pathway is pyramidal system and crosses in the medulla
Where is the premotor area located and what does it control?
Anterior to primary motor
controls learned skilled movements (writing, typing, musical instruments)
Where is the frontal eye field area located and what does it control?
Anterior to premotor area
Controls voluntary scanning movements of the eye (search for a word in a dictionary, looking for a book on a shelf, person in a crowd)
What area is our “executive decision area”?
Prefrontal cortex (closely linked to the limbic system)
The prefrontal cortex is not well established until what age?
25 y/o
What area is generally on the LEFT side and located in the frontal lobe. This area programs motor cortex to move tongue, lips, and speech muscles to articulate words?
Broca’s area
What area stores information for speech content, arranges words of vocabulary into meaningful speech according to rules of grammar….plans “what to say”
Wernicke’s area
Where are tracts of myelinated nerve fibers (axons) found?
Middle white matter
_______ fibers transmit nerve impulses from gyri in one hemisphere to corresponding gyri in opposite hemispheres?
Commissural fibers
Examp=
Corpus Callosum
_____ fibers form ascending and descending tracts that transmit impulses to and from cerebrum to other parts of the brain and cord?
Projection fibers
The paired gray inner matter of the cerebrum is called?
Basa ganglia
What does the substantial nigra do?
inhibits unwanted motor activity from basal ganglia by releasing dopamine from its axon terminals to the lentiform and caudate nuclei
_________ in the basal ganglia is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
Damage to the basal ganglia during fetal development can result in ?
Cerebral palsy
What part of the brain coordinates movement of skeletal muscle, especially QUICK movements?
Cerebellum
What is mostly interconnected gray matter that includes components of cerebrum and diencephalon– and is sometimes called the emotional brain?
Limbic system
What are the parts of the limbic system?
- Hippocampus
- Amygdaloid
- Mammillary bodies
- Parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus
- Olfactory bulb
- Fornix
- Cingulate gyrus
Alzheimers affects both the ________ & ______?
hippocampus & cortex
Most limbic output is relayed through ______?
The hypothalamus
What is gray matter that is dispersed among white fibers?
Reticular formation
What system controls waking up? Injury results in unconsciousness or deep coma.
RAS- Reticular Activating System
______ alerts the cerebral cortex to incoming sensory signals from ears, eyes, and skin to activate a person or awaken a person & is NOT from OLFACTORY SIGNALS?
RAS- Reticular Activating System
