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College Anatomy & Physiology > A&P Lecture Exam > Flashcards

A&P Lecture Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Cells in epidermis (deep to surface)

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
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2
Q

Merkel cells

A

Detect touch

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3
Q

Langerhan cells

A

Detect bacteria

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4
Q

Stem cells

A

Produce new cells by mitosis

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5
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Stack for protection

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6
Q

Melanocytes

A

Contribute to color

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7
Q

Process of keratinization

A
  1. Stem cells in stratum basale layer produce keratinocytes by mitosis
    2.Keratinocytes get pushed upwards towards surface of skin
  2. keratinocytes reach stratum granolusum
  3. Keratinocytes stack on surface of skin forming stratum corneum
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8
Q

Function of melanin

A

Protection from uv radiation

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9
Q

What affects the amount of melanin produced?

A

Genetics, hormones, exposure to uv light

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10
Q

Erythema (red)

A

Increase blood flow. Anger/Embarrass

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11
Q

Pallor (White)

A

Decreased blood flow. Anemia/stress

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12
Q

Cyanosis (Blue)

A

Decrease oxygen. Cold/Heart attack

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13
Q

Pathologic Jaundice (Adults)

A

Liver cant keep up with break down of biliruben

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14
Q

Physiologic Jaundice (Infants)

A

Liver not functioning yet

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15
Q

Main functions of your skin

A
  1. Sensation
  2. Excretion
  3. Protection
  4. Temperature regulation
  5. Vitamin D synthesis
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16
Q

How does each of these skin cellls/special features protect you

A

A. Keratin in keratinocytes - Overlap/provide barrier against water & chemicals
B. Acidic and salty sweat - Decreases fungus & bacteria
C. Melanin and melanocytes - Protection from uv light
D. Dryness - Decreases fungus & bacteria
E. Stratification - Stacking of keratinocytes in stratum corneum/prevent microbes from entering body

17
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Shut down flow of blood near skin surface

18
Q

Vasodilation

A

Increased blood flow near skin surface, increasing heat loss

19
Q

Good things Vitamin D does for us

A
  1. Works with calcium to from strong, dense bones
  2. Turns off cancer causing genes
  3. Decreases risk of multiple sclerosis
20
Q

What can you do to make sure you have enough Vitamin D

A
  1. Take supplements
  2. Eat food rich in vitamin D
  3. Spend time outdoors
21
Q

Pros of sunlight

A
  1. Make more Vitamin D
  2. Increase melanin production
  3. Increase UV light protection
22
Q

Cons of sunlight

A
  1. Increade risk of skin cancer
  2. Age more rapidly
23
Q

What causes acne?

A

Bacteria

24
Q

ABCDE rule

A

A - asymmetry
B - border irregularity
C - color
D - diameter
E - evolving

25
Q

3 types of burns

A

Superficial burns - no scarring
Partial thickness burns - possible scarring
Full thickness burns - has scarring

26
Q

Serious issues associated with full thickness burns

A
  1. Dehydration/loss of bodily fluids requires continual IV’s
  2. Infection/loss of protective barrier
  3. Circulatory shock/cardiac arrest are main causes of death in burn victims
27
Q

5 functions of skeletal system

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Storage
  5. Production of blood cells
28
Q

3 close association headline cartilage has with bone

A
  1. Precursor for most bones in body during development
  2. Responsible for bone lengthening and repair
  3. Covers ends of long bones - articular cartilage
29
Q

2 major types of bone cells

A

Osteoblasts - create new bone cells and bone tissue

Osteoclasts - break down bone tissue

30
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

A. 5th week fetal development, membrane forms around brain
B. Osteochondral progenitor cells produce osteoblasts
C. Osteoblast produce calcium/phosphate
D. Ossification centers expand outward
E. By age 2 skull bone complete

31
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

A. 8th week fetal development, osteochondral progenitor cells produce chondroblasts
B. Chondroblasts make headline cartilage model of future bone
C. Primary ossification center begins in diaphysis-osteoblastsvstart making bone
D. Diaphysis is hollowed out, filled w red bone
E. Secondary ossification centers develop in epiphyses

32
Q

Bone elongation

A

Chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate multiply, get larger, calcify & convert to osteoblasts

33
Q

Effects of hypocalcemia

A
  1. Increase osteoblast activity/promotes bone resorption
  2. Inhibits osteoblasts activity
  3. Increase C++ resorption from kidneys
  4. Increase vitamin D formation
34
Q

3 classification of joints by function

A
  1. synathroses- nonmovable- suture
  2. amphiarthroses- slightly movable- between body of 2 vertebrae
  3. diarthroses- freely movable- hip joint
35
Q

3 classifications of joints by structure

A
  1. fibrous
  2. cartilaginous
  3. synovial
36
Q

know 4 things that lead to osteoporosis

A
  1. smoking
  2. not enough exercise
  3. poor diet in calcium
  4. genetically petite

College Anatomy & Physiology (1 decks)

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