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A&P - Speech chain > A&P Lecture 1 - speech chain > Flashcards

A&P Lecture 1 - speech chain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ‘speech chain’?

A

The series of events which happen during speech comprehension and speech production

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue in the human body?

A

Muscle tissue (movement), connective tissue (support and storage), nervous tissue (communication), epithelial tissue (lining and covering)

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3
Q

What is the key type of muscle in the vocal tract?

A

Skeletal muscle (muscle tissue attached to bones and cartilage). Key function - contraction

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4
Q

What are the 6 components of the hierarchy of anatomical organisation?

A

Organism –> Organ systems –> Organs –> tissues –> cellular –> chemicals

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5
Q

How is epithelial tissue arranged on a cellular level?

A

Closely packed cells arranged in layers, which provide protective boundaries/surfaces

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6
Q

How is muscle tissue arranged on a cellular level?

A

Made up of long thin muscle cells arranged in parallel. Contraction allows muscles to shorten, producing movement and/or
increased tension

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7
Q

Why can’t water soluble molecules move easily through cell membranes?

A

The lipids making up the cell membrane are water repellent (hydrophobic)

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8
Q

Can fat soluble molecules move easily through cell membranes?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is the concentration of a chemical substance?

A

Related to the number of particles per unit volume

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10
Q

What are the 3 ways particles can move across a cell membrane?

A

Passive Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport

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11
Q

What is passive diffusion across a cell membrane?

A

Fat-soluble molecules can easily move
directly through the lipid-rich cell membrane
* Direction of movement is from area of
higher concentration to area of lower
concentration
* No energy required (“passive”)

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12
Q

What is facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

A
  • Direction of movement is still from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration
  • Water-soluble molecules and ions cannot easily move directly through the lipid-rich cell membrane
  • Instead, they move into or out of the cell through protein channels in the cell membrane
  • No energy required
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13
Q

What is active transport across a cell membrane?

A
  • Direction of movement is from area of lower concentration to area of higher concentration
  • Going against natural tendency of
    molecules to move by diffusion from higher to lower concentration
  • Water-soluble molecules and ions (i.e. not fat-soluble)
  • Movement of particles through substance specific protein channel in cell membrane
  • Requires energy to move particles against a concentration gradient)
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14
Q

What are messenger particles called?

A

Ligands

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15
Q

Skeletal system: What is the function of bones in speech production?

A

Bones provide rigid boundaries to parts of the vocal tract and support for muscles involved in in respiration, phonation and
articulation

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16
Q

Skeletal system: What is the function of cartilage in speech production?

A

Cartilage provides flexible components to parts of the vocal tract (e.g. larynx) and rib cage, and support for muscles involved in
phonation and respiration

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17
Q

Skeletal system: What is the function of joints in speech production?

A

Joints assist changes in the shape of the chest during breathing and the vocal tract during phonation and articulation

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18
Q

Skeletal system: What is the function of bones, joints and cartilage in speech perception?

A
  • Bones provide rigid boundaries to the outer, middle and inner ear
  • Bones and joints within the middle ear transmit sound
  • Cartilage provides flexible support to the external ear
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19
Q

What are bones surrounded by?

A

A tough connective tissue
layer containing fibrous
tissue (collagen) and
connective tissue cells.
This layer allows muscles to
attach securely to bones.

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20
Q

Describe the structure of bones

A

An outer layer of dense compact bone
A less dense inner core with pockets of space between the bone material
Bone tissue consists of a protein (collagen) matrix, mineralized with calcium salts (adds rigidity and
strength)
There are also cells
embedded in the
mineralized bone matrix.
The cells are responsible
for maintaining bone tissue
health, repairing damaged
bone, and bone growth.

21
Q

How does the structure of cartilage differ from that of bones?

A

It is also composed of a protein matrix, but it is not mineralised, and contains cartilage cells. Lack of mineralisation - more flexible

22
Q

What are 3 types of cartilages

A

Hyaline - Balance between stiffness and elasticity
Regular structure of protein matrix createsa smooth surface
Elastic - Very flexible cartilage
Protein matrix contains extra elastic fibres
Fibrocartilage - Very stiff cartilage
Protein matrix contains extra collagen fibres

23
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage useful?

A

Provides smooth sliding surfaces for joints.Makes up most cartilages in the larynx

24
Q

Where is elastic cartilage useful

A

Flexible support for soft tissues
e.g outer ear, epiglottis

25
Q

Where might you find fibrocartilage?

A

DIscs between spine bones

26
Q

What is the role of cartilage in bone formation?

A

Bone is formed from a cartilage model that ossifies (turn to bone) as mineral calcium salts are deposited in the cartilage matrix
* This process before birth and continues during childhood and adolescence
* The final stage of bone growth occurs with ossification of the growth plates in late adolescence/early adulthood – bone growth ceases at this point

27
Q

What type of joints don’t move?

A

Fibrous joints
Bones are connected directly to each other by dense fibrous connective tissue
* A fixed, immoveable joint
–> E.g between skull bones

28
Q

What are Cartilaginous joints?

A

Joints where:
Bones are connected directly to each other by cartilage
Slightly moveable joint – compresses and springs back into shape
Degree of flexibility depends on the type of cartilage

29
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Joints where:
Ends of bones are covered in smooth hyaline cartilage
Articular surfaces separated by a joint space
Bones are connected by a fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’ or capsule
Joint space in capsule filled with thick synovial fluid

30
Q

What is the function of the muscular system during speech production?

A

Muscles produce movements that move air into and out of the chest during respiration (breathing)

Muscles produce movements that alter the shape of the vocal tract during respiration, phonation and articulation

31
Q

What is the function of the muscular system during speech perception?

A

Movements of tiny muscles are involved in adjusting sound intensity in the ear

32
Q

What is a ‘direct’ muscle attachment?

A

Muscle tissue attach directly
to supporting structure with
no intervening connective
tissue

33
Q

What is an ‘indirect’ muscle attachment?

A

Muscle fibres attach to
supporting structure via
tendons (connective tissues
bands (e.g. tendons)

34
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber. Made up of actin and myosin protein filaments which enable muscle cell contraction

35
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

Long strand-like
protein structure
within muscle cell

36
Q

What is a Muscle fascicle?

A

Bundle of muscle
cells running in
parallel length-wise
along the muscle

37
Q

Which structures are actin and myosin?

A
38
Q

What causes the myosin binding sites to be exposed?

A

Calcium ion binding to troponin changes the shape of the actin filament to expose the myosin binding site

39
Q

Where do myosin heads bind to, what does this cause?

A

Myosin heads bind to actin filament and change position, causing the actin filament to slide across the myosin filament, shortening the sarcomere

40
Q

What causes a muscle cell to relax?

A

Calcium ion moves off troponin, myosin changes shape so actin can no longer bind, filaments slide apart and muscle cell relaxes

41
Q

How could you measure muscle activity?

A

EMG - electromyography - detects tiny electrical signals of muscle contraction
a needle electrode inserted into the muscle record muscle
activity

42
Q

What is the role of the respiratory system in speech production?

A

The lungs and respiratory tract (air
passages) are involved in generating and conducting an airstream

The larynx is involved in phonation

The pharynx and nasal cavities are involved in articulation

43
Q

How is the digestive system involved in speech production?

A

The oral cavity, pharynx and tongue are involved in articulation

44
Q

Which 2 type of epithelium are relevant to the speech chain anatomy?

A
  1. Stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
45
Q

Describe the structure and function of stratified squamous epithelium in the speech chain

A

stratified = cells arranged in multiple regular layers
squamous = flat wide cells (Lat. squama, ‘scale’)
- Tough, resists wear and tear
- Found in the mouth, pharynx and larynx

46
Q

Describe the structure and function of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the speech chain

A

ciliated = free surface covered in cilia
pseudostratified = looks like there are multiple layers of cells because positions of cell nuclei are
not uniform
columnar = tall narrow cells

  • Movements of cilia clear mucus and particles
    from epithelial surface
  • Less resistant to wear and tear
  • Found in the respiratory tract (airways)
47
Q

What is the epithelium that lines body cavities called?

A

Mucosa

48
Q

What type of mucosa is the stratified squamous epithelium lining the mouth?

A

Oral mucosa

49
Q

&What type of mucosa lines airways?

A

Respiratory mucosa

A&P - Speech chain (1 decks)

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