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A&P II chapter 19,20,21 > A&P II chapter 19,20,21 > Flashcards

A&P II chapter 19,20,21 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the 3 functions of the circulatory system

A

transportation, protection, regulation

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2
Q

what does the blood transport

A

1, oxygen from the lungs and co2 to the lungs

  1. nutrients from the digestive tract
  2. metabolic wastes to the kidneys
  3. hormones from the endocrine cells to the target cells
  4. stem cells from the bone marrow/tissues where they will mature
  5. heat to the body surface to regulate temp
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3
Q

how does the blood protect the body?

A
  1. WBC destroy microbes and cancer cells
  2. antibodies and proteins neutralize toxins and destroys pathogens
  3. platelets secrete factors that initiate blood clotting
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4
Q

how does the blood regulate

A

it absorbs or gives off fluid under different conditions, capillaries stabilize fluid distribution
2. buffering acids and bases to stabilize the Ph of the ECF.

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5
Q

what is the clear matrix of the blood

A

plasma

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6
Q

red blood cells are also known as

A

erythrocytes

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7
Q

white blood cells are also known as

A

leukocytes

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8
Q

what are the two types of leukocytes?

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

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9
Q

name 3 types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

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10
Q

name 2 types of agranulocytes

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

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11
Q

name the two main components of blood

A

plasma and formed elements

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12
Q

what are the formed elements in the blood?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

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13
Q

which granulocyte is the 1st to arrive on the scene of an infection and is the most plentiful?

A

neutrophil

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14
Q

what is the job of the neutrophil

A

to ingest and destroy bacteria

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15
Q

2-4% of these granulocytes produce histamine to fight inflammation but cannot meet the infection?

A

basophils they are pro inflammatory and promote allergy

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16
Q

which type of neutrophil goes after parasites like hook worm?

A

eosinophils

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17
Q

which agranulocytes circulates in the blood looking for infection?

A

monocytes

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18
Q

which agranulocyte can move out into the tissue and can fight some cancer cells?

A

monocytes

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19
Q

name the agranulocyte that is associated with T-cells and B-cells

A

lymphocytes

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20
Q

which formed element of the blood is responsible for clotting?

A

platelets

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21
Q

what 3 layers are formed when blood is centrifuged?

A
  1. erythrocyte layer
  2. (Buffy coat) WBC and platelet layer
  3. then the plasma
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22
Q

which layer is made up of 45% of the total volume and is called the hematocrit

A

erythrocyte layer

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23
Q

where does the erythrocyte layer settle in the collection tube?

A

the bottom r/t its denseness

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24
Q

what is the cream colored zone in the tube called and what % of the blood volume does it represent?

A

buffy coat layer and is 1%

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25
Q

which layer is at the top of the blood tube and what % does It represent?

A

plasma and is accounts for nearly 55%

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26
Q

what is blood plasma comprised of?

A 
water, 
proteins, 
nitrogen compounds, 
nutrients,
 electrolytes,
 gases and hormones
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27
Q

what is the most abundant part of the plasma?

A

protein

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28
Q

what are the three main types of proteins in the plasma?

A

albumin,
globulins
and fibrinogen

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29
Q

albumin has two physical properties of blood which are?

A

osmolarity and viscosity

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30
Q

what represents 60% of the plasma protein?

A

albumin

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31
Q

which part of the plasma protein is responsible for helping form a blood clot?

A

fibrinogen it represents 4% of the plasma protein

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32
Q

which nutrients are found in the blood plasma?

A 
glucose, 
lipids,
 amino acids, 
vitamins,
 minerals
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33
Q

which electrolyte makes up 90% of the blood cation?

A

sodium which is most important for blood osmolarity and has a major influence on blood volume and pressure

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34
Q

what other components are found in the blood plasma?

A

respiratory gases ( oxygen and carbon dioxide)

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35
Q

the number of solute particles present in a solution is called

A

osmolarity

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36
Q

what determines the osmolarity of blood?

A

sodium ions, protein (albumin )and RBC’s

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37
Q

if there is an increased osmolarity of the blood ( more particles in the blood) which way will the water flow?

A

the water will flow from the tissues to the blood. this will increase the fluid volume of the blood and there for increase the blood pressure and increase the strain on the heart and blood vessels.

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38
Q

if there is a decreased osmolarity of the blood what will happen to the water?

A

the water will move from the blood to the tissues, resulting in edema, loss of blood volume will decrease the blood pressure.

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39
Q

what will be the affects of low sodium, low albumin and low RBC’s r/t decreased osmolarity in the blood?

A

anemia, low b/p and edema

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40
Q

what is the measure of thickness of the blood called

A

viscosity

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41
Q

how is viscosity important to the blood

A

it regulates the flow of blood though the vessels

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42
Q

what happens if there is an increase in the viscosity of blood?

A

the blood will flow too slowly like with polycythemia

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43
Q

what happens if there is a decrease in the viscosity of blood

A

the blood will flow too quickly like with anemia

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44
Q

what are the two types of polycythemia?

A

primary -found in the bone marrow and secondary- found in people of higher altitudes, increased air pollution and smokers.

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45
Q

what is the production of blood called?

A

hemopoiesis

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46
Q

what is the name of tissues that produce blood cells

A

hemopoietic tissue

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47
Q

where is the first hemopoietic tissue formed?

A

the embryo yolk sac

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48
Q

what organs produce RBC’s before birth?

A

liver, spleen and thymus

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49
Q

what is the production of lymphocytes called and where does it take place?

A

lymphopoiesis takes place in the spleen, thymus, tonsils and nodes

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50
Q

name of the process of blood formation from the lymphatic tissues and organs

A

lymphoid hemopoiesis

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51
Q

where do pluripotent stem cells (PPSC) originate and where are some of them kept?

A

they originate in the common bone marrow and a small amount is maintained in the marrow.

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52
Q

what are the specialized pluripotent stem cells called and what happens to them?

A

they are called colony forming units (CFU’s) and they become destined to form a specific type of formed element like a WBC or leukocyte

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53
Q

how many RBC’s does a body produce on a daily basis?

A

200 billion

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54
Q

how often is the blood plasma replenished?

A

on a continual basis

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55
Q

where does the plasma derive its components?

A

it obtains water, electrolytes and nutrients from the digestive tract, gamma globulins comes from the plasma cells and proteins from the liver

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56
Q

name 3 things a RBC does not have the ability to do/have

A

they do not replicate
they cannot perform mitosis
they do not have a nucleus or DNA

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57
Q

how many days does an erythrocyte live?

A

120 days

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58
Q

what is the two critical functions of an erythrocyte?

A

to pick up oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and to pick up carbon dioxide from the tissues and brings it to the lungs

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59
Q

which cell is the most critical to survival since they carry oxygen?

A

erythrocyte’s

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60
Q

what determines a person’s blood type?

A

the outer protein layer of the RBC

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61
Q

what is the name of the two cytoskeletal proteins in the inside of the RBC that give the membrane its durability and resiliency?

A

spectrin and Actin

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62
Q

how many protein chains are present to form hemoglobin? and what are they called?

A

the alpha chain and the beta chain, there are two of each group to make 4 chains

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63
Q

what is the name of the nonprotein group that each chain is bound to?

A

a heme group which has iron at its center and binds to oxygen

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64
Q

if every chain has a heme group and there are four chains and four heme groups than how many oxygen molecules can it bind to one hemoglobin molecule?

A

four

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65
Q

where does the carbon dioxide molecules bind in the hemoglobin molecule?

A

to the protein chains not the heme group like oxygen

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66
Q

the most common measurements of blood?

A

hemoglobin, hematocrit and RBC count

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67
Q

what is the hematocrit(PCV or packed cell volume)which measures the whole blood volume composed of the RBC’s values in men and women?

A

men 42-52% and women 37-48%

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68
Q

what is the concentration of hemoglobin for men and women?

A

men 13 -18 g/dl and women 12-16 g/dl

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69
Q

what is the measurement of RBC’s in men and women?

A

men 4.6 - 6.2 million and women 4.2-5.4 million

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70
Q

why are the values higher in men?

A
  1. men have higher androgen levels and androgens stimulate RBC production
  2. women loose blood due to menses
  3. hct is proportional to body fat- so the more fat the lesser the hct.
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71
Q

what is the production of erythrocytes called?

A

erythropoiesis

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72
Q

how many days does it take for a RBC to form?

A

3-5 days

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73
Q

what is the first step in RBC production?

A

the pluripotent stem cell(PPSC) becomes a colony forming unit (CFU)that has receptors for erythropoietin (EPO).

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74
Q

what is the second step in RBC production?

A

the EPO stimulates the ECFU to transform itself into a erythroblasts(immature cell) which divides and makes hgb

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75
Q

what is the third step in RBC production?

A

the nucleus of the erythroblast disintegrates and is discharged from the cell and this results in the reticulocyte forming. once in the blood stream it mature in 2 days.

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76
Q

where is the RBC grave yard?

A

the spleen

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77
Q

where is erythropoietin EPO created?

A

in the kidney which stimulates the bone marrow to increase the RBC count.

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78
Q

if the RBC count decreases what happens to the oxygen carrying ability?

A

it decreases causing hypoxia

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79
Q

how many days does it take to restore the RBC count through the release of EPO?

A

4 days

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80
Q

what would be a sign that the RBC’s are rapidly degrading (dying)?

A

a tender or enlarged spleen

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81
Q

which form of polycythemia is induced and temporary?

A

secondary type. this could be r/t dehydration where the concentration of RBC’s are up because there is not enough water in the blood to reduce the viscosity and factors that cause hypoxia like smoking, pollution and high altitudes.

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82
Q

how can polycythemia lead to heart failure, embolism and stroke?

A

due to increased viscosity, blood pressure and blood volume

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83
Q

what is the disease that affects the oxygen carrying ability of the blood d/t few RBC’s and abnormal hgb?

A

anemia

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84
Q

what are the three causes of anemia?

A

hemorrhage,

hemolytic d/t destruction of the RBC’s and inadequate RBC production.

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85
Q

what are 3 complications r/t anemia?

A

reduced blood osmolarity causing edema & tachycardia since the blood is thin the heart beats faster and decreased b/p due to the reduced blood volume and viscosity

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86
Q

what disorder is caused by a recessive allele that modifies the structure of the hgb?

A

sickle cell disease

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87
Q

the interaction between molecules called antigens on the RBC’s and antibodies created what?

A

blood type

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88
Q

what is produced by proteins in the plasma cells when the body detects an antigen?

A

antibodies

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89
Q

what binds to antigens and marks them for destruction?

A

antibodies

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90
Q

what is the unique protein, glycoprotein and glycolipid that are on the surface of all cells that help the body distinguish its own cells from foreign molecules

A

antigens

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91
Q

the antibody that reacts against the antigen A is called the

A

anti A and is not present in people with type O or type B blood

92
Q

the antibody that reacts against antigen B is called the

A

anti B antigen and are present in people with type O and type A

93
Q

which blood type is the universal recipient?

A

AB

94
Q

which blood type is the universal donor?

A

O

95
Q

anyone with the genotype D,DD are Rh

A

+Rh

96
Q

anyone with the genotype d or no D is Rh

A

-Rh

97
Q

how large is the human heart

A

the size of a fist and less than one pound

98
Q

what is the area that encloses the heart from the second rib to the fifth intercostal space?

A

the mediastinum

99
Q

where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?

A

anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum

100
Q

what is the double wall sac that covers the outer part of the heart?

A

the pericardium

101
Q

what type of tissue is the fibrous pericardium made of?

A

loose fitting, tough connective tissue

102
Q

what is the purpose of the pericardium?

A

to protect the heart and to anchor it to the surrounding structures and to prevent overfilling with blood

103
Q

the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium is called the

A

parietal layer of the serous pericardium

104
Q

what is the parietal layer made of ?

A

thin, slippery 2 layer membrane that is deeper to the fibrous pericardium

105
Q

this layer covers the external surface of the heart

A

the visceral layer of the serous pericardium ( epicardium)

106
Q

which cavity is found between the parietal and epicardium which contains serous fluid

A

the pericardial cavity

107
Q

what is the purpose of the pericardial fluid

A

it lubricates and prevents friction thereby allowing the serous membranes to move past each other during heart activity

108
Q

what is the muscular layer that contracts and forms the bulk of the heart?

A

the myocardium

109
Q

what is the purpose of the fibrous skeleton

A

it keeps things tight in the heart with ropelike rings around the valves and vessels

110
Q

what is the inner surface of the myocardium that is a sheet of squamous epithelium and serves to line the chambers of the heart

A

the endocardium

111
Q

how many chambers does the heart have

A

4 2 superior atria and 2 inferior ventricles

112
Q

name the two partitions that divide the heart into chambers

A

the interatrial septum and the interventricular septum

113
Q

name the two grooves that mark the boundaries of the four chambers

A

the atrioventricular groove( coronary sulcus) and the anterior interventricular sulcus

114
Q

which chamber is the receiving chamber for the return of blood to the heart from the circulation?

A

the atria

115
Q

blood enters the right atrium through what 3 veins?

A

the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus

116
Q

which vein returns blood from the body region superior to the diaphragm?

A

the superior vena cava

117
Q

which vein returns blood from the body region below the diaphragm?

A

inferior vena cava

118
Q

which vein drains blood from the myocardium

A

the coronary sinus

119
Q

where does the blood from the four pulmonary veins drain back to the heart

A

the left atrium

120
Q

what is the two muscle types in the walls of the ventricles

A

trabeculae carneae and the papillary muscles

121
Q

what is the name of the irregular ridges of muscle along the internal walls of the ventricles?

A

trabeculae carneae

122
Q

what is the name of the muscles that project into the ventricular cavity and have a role in opening and closing of the right AV and left AV valves

A

papillary muscles

123
Q

which are the discharging chambers and actual pumps of the heart

A

the ventricles

124
Q

this ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk to pick up oxygen

A

the right ventricle

125
Q

this ventricle ejects blood into the aorta that is rich in oxygen

A

the left ventricle

126
Q

name the pathway of blood from the pulmonary circuit

A

blood enters the right atrium and passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, the blood than travels through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries where it picks up oxygen and unloads carbon dioxide. the blood travels back to the heart via pulmonary veins to the left atrium.

127
Q

name the pathway of blood from the systemic circuit pump

A

the oxygen rich blood enters the left atrium and passes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle to the aortic semi lunar valve to the aorta and out to the body

128
Q

the walls of this chamber are three times as thick and meet 5 times the resistance of blood flow

A

the left ventricle

129
Q

how many AV valves do we have and what is their function?

A

we have 2 AV valves and they prevent backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles are contracting

130
Q

how many flaps does the right AV valve have?

A

the tricuspid valve has 3 flaps

131
Q

how many flaps does the left AV valve have?

A

the bicuspid valve has 2 flaps

132
Q

what is the tiny white cords of collagen attached to each flap of the AV valve called?

A

chordae tendinae

133
Q

what is the purpose of the chordae tendinae?

A

to anchor the flaps of the valves to the papillary muscles of the ventricles.

134
Q

describe cardiac muscles

A

short, fat, branched and contain one or two large nuclei and the plasma membranes of the adjacent cardiac cells interlock at intercalated discs.

135
Q

this allows for ions to pass from cell to cell for transmission of a depolarizing current across the entire heart

A

gap junction

136
Q

what are the five areas of autorhythmic cardiac cells in order in cardiac excitation

A

sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle(bindle of his), bundle branches and purkinje fibers

137
Q

this node is located in the right atrial wall inferior to the superior vena cava entrance and is the beginning of the cardiac excitation

A

the sinoatrial node

138
Q

this area of cardiac excitation sets the pace for heart and initiates the depolarization wave

A

the sinoatrial node

139
Q

the second area of cardiac excitation is located in this area and what is it called?

A

above the tricuspid vale the atrioventricular node

140
Q

what is the third area of electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

A

the atrioventricular bundle or the bundle of His

141
Q

the fourth area of cardiac excitation where the AV bundle divide into right and left bundles

A

the bundle braches

142
Q

this is the fifth area of cardiac excitation where it penetrates into the heart apex and directly to the papillary muscles

A

the purkinje fibers

143
Q

the fight or flight response from the sympathetic nervous system will do this to your heart

A

increases the rate and force of the heart beat

144
Q

the parasympathetic nervous system or rest and digest does this to your heart

A

slows the heart rate

145
Q

where are the cardiac centers located

A

in the medulla oblongata

146
Q

what is the graphical recording of the heart activity and it composes all of the action potentials generated by the nodal and contractile cells

A

EKG

147
Q

which is the first wave on an EKG that results from the depolarization from the SA node through the atria (atria contracts)

A

P wave

148
Q

this second wave on an EKG is the result from ventricular depolarization and precedes ventricular contraction at the same time the atria is repolarizing

A

QRS complex

149
Q

this third wave on an EKG is the repolarization of the ventricles and is a slower process

A

T wave

150
Q

the blood flow through the heart is controlled by

A

changes in pressure

151
Q

blood flows down a pressure gradient through

A

any available opening

152
Q

diastole represents which phase of the cardiac cycle

A

relaxation

153
Q

systole represents which phase of the cardiac cycle

A

contraction

154
Q

what sounds does the heart make

A

lub and dub

155
Q

what does the sound lub represent?

A

the AV valve closes and ventricular systole starts

156
Q

what does the sound dub represent

A

the occurs when the semi lunar valves close and the ventricles are in diastole

157
Q

what are the three types of blood vessels?

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

158
Q

this type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart and is an efferent vessel

A

arteries

159
Q

this type of vessel carries blood back to the heart and is an afferent vessel

A

vein

160
Q

this type of blood vessel connects the smallest arteries to the smallest veins

A

capillaries

161
Q

name the 3 layer of the walls of arteries and veins

A

tunica interna
tunica media
tunica externa

162
Q

this layer of the blood vessel is inside the vessel, exposed to the blood

A

the tunica interna

163
Q

which layer of the blood vessel is a permeable barrier that lets materials come and go

A

the tunica interna

164
Q

which layer of the blood vessel can excrete chemicals to constrict or dilate, allow platelets to adhere to it to aide in clotting, or produce cell adhesion molecules to induce WBC’s to adhere to its surface when inflamed?

A

the tunica interna

165
Q

which layer of the blood vessel is composed of smooth muscle, collagen and sometimes elastic tissue

A

the tunica media

166
Q

which layer of the blood vessel is the middle and often the thickest layer

A

the tunica media

167
Q

what is the main function of the tunica media

A

to strengthen the vessels and prevent the blood pressure from rupturing them.

168
Q

what is vasomotion?

A

the changes in the diameter of a blood vessel

169
Q

what is the outer most layer of a blood vessel called

A

the tunica externa

170
Q

what is the tunica externa composed of?

A

loose connective tissue that merges with the other vessels, nerves or organs

171
Q

what is the name of the small blood vessels that supply blood to the wall of a larger vessel?

A

vasa vasorum

172
Q

what is the main function of the tunica externa

A

to anchor the vessels

173
Q

what are the resistance vessels of the cardiovascular system? and why?

A

the arteries because they have thick pressure resistant walls that withstand the surges of blood through them

174
Q

which type of blood vessel retains its shape even when empty?

A

arteries

175
Q

what are the 3 types of arteries

A

conducting arteries
distributing arteries
resistance arteries

176
Q

which types of arteries are the largest in diameter and can expand?

A

the conducting arteries

177
Q

give an example of a conducting artery

A

aorta
common carotid/subclavian arteries
pulmonary trunk

178
Q

why do the conducting arteries expand during ventricular systole?

A

they do this to take the pressure off of the smaller arteries downstream and prevents the blood pressure from dropping too low while the heart is relaxing and refilling

179
Q

which arteries are responsible for delivering blood supply to specific organs

A

the distributing arteries

180
Q

give an example of a distributing artery

A

brachial
femoral
renal and
splenic

181
Q

what is the name of the arteries that are so numerous and vary in locations that they cannot be named

A

the resistance arteries

182
Q

name the 2 types of resistance arteries

A

arterioles and metarterioles

183
Q

these are the smallest of resistance arteries, with 1-3 layers of smooth muscle and very little tunica externa

A

the arterioles

184
Q

name the resistance arteries that link the arterioles and capillaries, they have a pre-capillary sphincter that circles the entrance of one capillary to reduce or shut off blood flow to non essential capillaries.

A

the metarterioles

185
Q

why do some major arteries have sensory receptors in their walls and why?

A

they monitor B/P and blood chemistry and sends this information to the brainstem to help regulate the heartbeat, vasomotion and respiration.

186
Q

name the 3 types of sensory receptors

A

carotid sinuses
carotid bodies
aortic bodies

187
Q

which sensory receptor is located in the wall of the internal carotid artery

A

the carotid sinuses

188
Q

how is the carotid sinuses stimulated using a negative feed back system

A

the B/P rises and stretches the tunica media, this stimulates the nerve fibers that sends the signals to the cardiac centers of the brain stem, the brainstem will lower the heart rate and dilate the blood vessels, thereby lowering the B/P

189
Q

which sensory receptor is located in the external carotid artery?

A

the carotid bodies

190
Q

what is the function of the carotid bodies?

A

they have chemoreceptors that monitor changes in the blood chemistry. the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves have sensory fibers that send signals to the brainstem respiratory centers(medulla oblongata), which adjust the breathing to stabilize the blood Ph and O2 / CO2 levels.

191
Q

which sensory receptor is located in the aortic arch

A

the aortic bodies

192
Q

what is the most important blood vessel that is more numerous and allows for material to pass through its walls to blood vessels and tissue fluid?

A

capillaries

193
Q

which blood vessel is known as the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system

A

capillaries

194
Q

where in the body are capillaries absent

A

epithelial tissue
the cornea/lens of the eye and
most cartilage

195
Q

name the 3 types of capillaries

A

continuous capillaries
fenestrated capillaries
and sinusoids

196
Q

which type of capillary is held together by a tight junction and form a continuous tube?

A

the continuous capillaries

197
Q

what cell is found exterior to the endothelium of the capillaries and regulates blood flow, growth and repair?

A

the pericytes

198
Q

which type of capillaries have endothelial cells filled with pores?

A

the fenestrated capillaries

199
Q

what cannot pass through the walls of fenestrated capillaries?

A

blood cells and platelets

200
Q

what cannot pass through the walls of the continuous capillaries?

A

blood plasma proteins or blood cells

201
Q

why would fenestrated capillaries be important in kidneys, endocrine glands, small intestines and choroid plexus?

A

they provide for rapid absorption and filtration

202
Q

which capillaries are twisted passageways that conform to the shape of their surroundings

A

the sinusoids

203
Q

where are the sinusoids found in the body

A

the liver, spleen and bone marrow

204
Q

what is the function of the sinusoids?

A

they allow proteins and blood cells to pass through these pores

205
Q

which type of capillary has wide gaps and large fenestrations through them

A

the sinusoids

206
Q

how do newly formed blood cells that are produced in the bone marrow/lymphatic organs enter the circulation?

A

they pass through the sinusoids and enter the blood stream

207
Q

what is a network of organized capillaries called

A

a capillary bed

208
Q

how many capillaries supply a single metarteriole?

A

10 to 100

209
Q

describe blood flow from artery to vein

A

artery, arteriole, metarteriole, through the precapillary sphincter, capillary, postcapillary venules, muscular venules, medium veins, venous sinuses, large veins

210
Q

what is the job of the precapillary sphincters in the metarterioles?

A

to divert blood supply to more needed areas if needed

211
Q

is there enough blood in the body to fill the entire vascular system at once?

A

no therefor 75% of the body’s capillaries are shut down at any given time.

212
Q

what are the capacitance vessels of the cardiovascular system and why are they called that?

A

the veins because they are thin walled, flaccid and allow an increase of blood volume

213
Q

why is the blood in the veins steady rather than pulsing?

A

because it is further away from the ventricles and have fairly low blood pressure.

214
Q

do veins retain their shape when empty?

A

no they collapse and do not have pressure resistant walls like in the arteries

215
Q

name the 5 types of veins

A 
postcapillary venules
muscular venules
medium veins
venous sinuses
large veins
216
Q

which type of vein is most porous, surrounded by pericytes, and are the smallest of all the veins

A

the postcapillary venules

217
Q

why are the postcapillary venules more porous?

A

they exchange fluid with the surrounding tissues

218
Q

which vein receives blood from the postcapillary venules?

A

the muscular venules

219
Q

which vein has a tunica media of one or two layers of smooth muscle and a thin tunica externa

A

the muscular venules

220
Q

which vein has a tunica interna surrounded by only a few fibroblasts and surrounded by pericytes

A

the postcapillary venules

221
Q

the radius and ulnar veins are an example of what type of vein

A

medium veins

222
Q

why would the medium veins need valves and the support of skeletal muscles

A

it does not have enough pressure int he veins to support upward flow of the blood so the pumping from the skeletal muscles and the valves prevent the blood from dropping down again when the muscles relax

223
Q

what is the mechanism of blood flow called by the propulsion of venous blood by the muscular massaging

A

the skeletal muscle pump

224
Q

what type of vein has no smooth muscle, large lumens and very thin walls

A

the venous sinuses.

225
Q

give an example of a venous sinus

A

coronary sinus of the heart, dural sinuses of the brain

226
Q

what is the name of the veins that have the greatest diameter, thin tunica media and the thickest layer of tunica externa

A

the large veins

227
Q

give an example of a large vein

A

the vena cava, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins, renal veins

A&P II chapter 19,20,21 (1 decks)

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