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anatomy & physiology ii > A+P II Ch7 > Flashcards

A+P II Ch7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the Nervous System?

A

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

What is consistent in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consist of?

A

Afferent information (input)
Efferent information (output)

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4
Q

What is the function of the Central Nervous System?

A

Receives and processes information from sensory organs and viscera.

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5
Q

Where does the Sensory organs information originate?

A

External Environment

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6
Q

Where does the Viscera information originate?

A

Internal Environment

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7
Q

What kind of information does the Central Nervous System send?

A

Send instructions to muscles and glands instructing them to perform appropriate tasks.

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8
Q

What are the subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Afferent and Efferent

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9
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System consist of?

A

Neurons

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10
Q

what are the primary actions of Afferent?

A

Neurons transmit sensory and visceral information from the organs to the Central Nervous System.

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11
Q

What information is transmitted from the Afferent to the Central Nervous System?

A

Somatic Senses (skin, muscles, and joints)
Special Senses (vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste)
Visceral Information ( dietary fullness, blood pressure, and blood pH.)

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12
Q

Efferent

A

Neurons that transmit information from the Central Nervous System to organs in the periphery. (effector organs)

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13
Q

What are the two subdivisions of Efferent?

A

somatic( Voluntary)
Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system

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14
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Consists of the motor neurons, which regulate skeletal muscle contractions

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15
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Consists of neurons that regulate the function of internal organs and other structures (sweat glands and blood vessels)

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16
Q

What are the two branches of Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System

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17
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or Flight response and preps the body for any potential danger

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18
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest and digest response which brings the body to a state of calm

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19
Q

What are the two main classes of cells in the Nervous System?

A

Neurons (Excitable cells)
Glial cells (Support cells)

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20
Q

Neurons (Excitable cells)

A

The functional and smallest unit that can carry out the function of the tissue. Communicate by transmitting electrical impulses

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21
Q

Excitable cells

A

Capable of producing large, rapid electrical signals (action potentials)

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22
Q

Glial cells (Support cells)

A

90% of the cells in the nervous system. Provide various types of support to the neurons (structural and metabolic support)

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23
Q

Synapse

A

Site of communication between two neurons or a neuron and an effector organ

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24
Q

Action Potentials

A

Brief, large changes in membrane potential during which the inside of the cell becomes positively charged relative to the outside

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25
Q

Innervation

A

The nerve supply, usually to a specific part of the body.

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26
Q

Innervation example

A

When a neuron is capable of transmitting messages to an effector organ or receiving information from the sensory organ (innervate that organ)

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27
Q

What are the three main components of a Neuron’s structure?

A

A cell body (soma)
The dendrites
An Axon

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28
Q

Dendrites and Axon

A

Neural processes (or Neurites) that extend from the body

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29
Q

Soma

A

Contains nucleus and most organelles

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30
Q

Soma performs what functions?

A

Protein synthesis and cellular metabolism and can receive input at synapses

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31
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch from the cell body

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32
Q

What are the functions of Dendrites?

A

Receive input from other neurons at specialized junctions (synapses) and have varying branch extensions among neurons

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33
Q

Axon

A

Sends information and range from 1mm - 1m

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34
Q

What are the functions of the Axon?

A

Can branch (collaterals), the extent of branching varies among neurons and indicate the amount of communication with other cells

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35
Q

What kind of information do Axons transmit?

A

Rapidly transmits information over relatively long distances in the form of electrical signals (action potentials)

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36
Q

What is the Specialized structures in the Axon

A

The Axon Hillock

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37
Q

Axon Hillock

A

The site where the axon originates from the cell body, and initiate action potentials that are transmitted to the axon terminal

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38
Q

Axon Terminal

A

The release neurotransmitter on arrival of an action potential

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39
Q

Presynaptic cell

A

The neuron whose axon terminal is releasing neurotransmitter

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40
Q

Postsynaptic cell

A

The neuron that receive signal by neurotransmitter in the dendrite or cell body

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41
Q

What are the two basic mechanisms for moving products?

A

Anterograde transport
Retrograde transport

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42
Q

Anterograde transport

A

From the Soma to Axon terminal

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43
Q

Retrograde transport

A

From Axon terminal to Soma

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44
Q

Slow axonal transport

A

0.5-40 mm/day. Associated with movement of small soluble molecules in the cytosol

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45
Q

Fast Axonal Transport

A

100-400 mm/day. Associated with movement of vesicles, including synaptic vesicles

46
Q

Slow and Fast axonal transport

A

Both involve proteins, microtubules and neurofilaments

47
Q

Fast axonal transport of vesicles function

A

Act as tracks for transport molecules

48
Q

Fast axonal transport of vesicles

A

Carry a vesicle, and can be a synaptic vesicle, or the vesicle to transport other products from the site of synthesis in the body to the axon terminal

49
Q

Ion channels in Neurons

A

The opening or closing of ion channels changes the permeability of the plasma membrane for a specific ion

50
Q

Leak Channels (or nongated)

A

Always open
Found in the plasma membrane throughout the neuron and is responsible for resting membrane potential

51
Q

Voltage-gated channels

A

Open or close in response to changes in membrane potential

52
Q

Sodium and potassium channels

A

Throughout the neuron, but more in the axon (Especially in the axon hillock), necessary for initiation and propagation of action potentials.

53
Q

Calcium channels

A

Found in the greatest density in the axon terminal.
When open, calcium enter the cytosol of axon terminal and triggers the release of neurotransmitter

54
Q

Ligand-gated channels

A

Open or close in response to a chemical (ligand) binding to a receptor. Synaptic potentials

55
Q

Location of Ligand-gated channels

A

Located densely in dendrites and cell body

56
Q

Structural classes of Neurons

A

Bipolar, Psuedo-unipolar and multipolar

57
Q

Bipolar

A

Sensory neurons with two projections, an axon and a dendrite, coming off the cell body, and functions in the senses of olfaction (smell) and vision

58
Q

Pseudo-unipolar

A

A subclass of bipolar neurons. The axon and dendrite projections appear as a single process that extends in two directions from the cell body.

59
Q

Multipolar

A

The most common neurons, that have multiple projections from the cell body. One projection is an axon and the others are dendrites.

60
Q

What are the three classes of neurons?

A

Afferent Neurons, Efferent Neurons, and Interneurons

61
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

Originate in the periphery with sensory receptors (outside the body) , and visceral receptors (inside the body)

62
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

Originate in the Central Nervous System, the cell body and dendrites receive synaptic communication from other neurons

63
Q

Interneurons

A

Lie entirely in the Central Nervous System, and can communicate with afferent neurons, efferent neurons, or other interneurons

64
Q

Structural Organization of Neurons in the Central Nervous System

A

Cell bodies of neurons are often grouped into nuclei, and the axons travel together in bundles known as pathways (tracts)

65
Q

Structural Organization of Neurons in the Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cell bodies of neurons are clustered together in ganglia, the axons travel together in bundles known as nerves

66
Q

Glial Cells Latin meaning

A

Glue

67
Q

Glial cells function

A

Provide structural integrity to the nervous system, chemical and anatomical support that permits neurons to carry out functions, and play important roles in intercellular communication.

68
Q

What are the four types of Glial cells?

A

Astrocytes (located in Central Nervous System)
Microglia (located in Central Nervous System)
Oligodendrocytes (located in Central Nervous System)
Schwann cells (located in Peripheral Nervous System)

69
Q

Oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells

A

Form an insulating layer of myelin around the axons of neurons, and insulation enables neurons to transmit action potentials more efficiently and rapidly

70
Q

Myelin

A

Consists of concentric layers of plasma membranes of oligodendrocytes/schwann cells and reduce leakage of ions across the cell membrane

71
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Form myelin around axons in the Central Nervous System and sends out projections providing the myelin segments for many axons

72
Q

Schwann cells

A

Form myelin around axons in the Peripheral Nervous System and provides myelin for only one axon

73
Q

Nodes of Ranvier (or nodes)

A

Gaps within the myelin in the axonal membrane and contains voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels which function in the transmission of action potentials by allowing ion movement across the membrane

74
Q

Resting Membrane Potential (resting Vm)

A

At rest, cells have a potential difference across its membrane and inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside while not receiving or transmitting any signals

75
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Neurons is approx -70 mV
All cells, -5mV to -100mV
“The types and numbers of ion channels vary”

76
Q

Neurons communicate

A

By generating electrical signals in the form of changes in the membrane potential, and changes trigger the release of neurotransmitter which carries a signal to another cell

77
Q

Existence of the Membrane Potential

A

The resting membrane potential is maintained by the NA+/Ka+ pump which balances the electrochemical forces with potassium ion moving out and sodium ions moving in the cell

78
Q

Graded potential

A

A relatively small change in the membrane potential produced by some type of stimulus that triggers the opening or closing of ion channels

79
Q

Synaptic potential

A

Graded potentials produced in the post-synaptic cell in response to neurotransmitter binding to receptors

80
Q

Receptor potential

A

Graded potentials produced in response to a stimulus acting on a sensory receptor

81
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

The membrane potential that counters the chemical forces acting to move an ion across the membrane, thereby putting the ion at equilibrium

82
Q

Electrochemical forces

A

Causing sodium to continually leak into the cell and potassium to continually leak out of the cell

83
Q

Leakages

A

Tend to slowly alter ion concentrations inside the cell, raising the sodium concentration while lowering the potassium concentration

84
Q

Electrical Signal

A

Occur in the neurons via changes in membrane potential and are the result of gated channels whether they open or close in response to particular stimuli.

85
Q

What are the three types of gated ion channels?

A

Voltage-gated
Ligand (chemically) gated
Mechanically gated

86
Q

Mechanically gated

A

Found in sensory or visceral receptors located at the end of afferent neurons and crucial for normal functioning of the Nervous system

87
Q

Depolarization

A

A change to a less negative or to a positive potential, the membrane become less polarized

88
Q

Repolarization

A

The membrane potential returns to the resting membrane potential following a depolarization

89
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

A change to a more negative value, and the membrane become more polarized

90
Q

What are the types of Electrical Signals?

A

Graded potential
Action potential

91
Q

Neural Integration

A

The particular combination of synaptic inputs-determining factor.

92
Q

Divergence

A

A single neuron communicates to several other neurons

93
Q

Convergence

A

A single neuron receives communication from several other neurons

94
Q

In the Neural Integration Convergence

A

Acts as an integrator cause its adding up all the signals arriving from all active synapses “summation” process

95
Q

summation

A

Adding effects of graded potentials

96
Q

Types of Summation

A

Temporal, and Spatial

97
Q

Temporal

A

Postsynaptic potentials being summed arise at the same synapse

98
Q

spatial

A

Postsynaptic potentials being summed arise at different synapse

99
Q

Excitatory input

A

A postsynaptic neuron receiving from neurons A and B

100
Q

Inhibitory input

A

A postsynaptic neuron receiving from neuron C

101
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Action potentials arrive from neuron A.
ESPSs produced in response to the binding of neurotransmitter overlap and sum

102
Q

Neurons A and B

A

Are excitatory input meaning adding + membrane potential (mV) value

103
Q

Neuron C

A

Is inhibitory input meaning it’s minus - membrane potential (mV) value

104
Q

Location of Excitatory and inhibitory synapse

A

Occur at axodendritic and axosomatic synapses

105
Q

Axoaxonic Synapses

A

Function as modulatory synapses that regulates the communication across another synapse

106
Q

Axoaxonic synapse Occurs

A

In presynaptic facilitation or Presynaptic inhibition

107
Q

Presynaptic Modulation Neurotransmitter

A

Binds to receptors on the membrane of the axon terminal of the postsynaptic neuron. Makes a change in calcium levels that enters the axon terminal to respond to an action potential.

108
Q

The Presynaptic facilitation neurons

A

Neurons C and E

109
Q

Neuron E

A

Enhances the release of neurotransmitters from C.
Increases the strength of the resulting EPSP to threshold. Generate an action potential in neuron X.

110
Q

Axoaxonic

A

Excites or inhibits one synapse and is selective on the neuron

111
Q

Axodendritic/Acosomatic

A

Ec

112
Q

Acetylcholine

A

anatomy & physiology ii (2 decks)

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