A&P Final Review Flashcards
Smooth walled portion of RA
Posterior
AV node location (in relation to TV)
Posterior
Location of eustachian valve
Anterior border at IVC orifice
What is the chiari network
Web like portion of eustachian valve
Coronary sinus enters where
Anteriorly to the medial extremity of the EV
RV outflow direction
Anterosuperior
4 muscular bands of RV
Parietal
Crista supraventricularis
Septal band
Moderator band
Thickness of RV
3-5 mm
RV outflow is also known as what
Infundibulum
Demarcation between inflow/outflow in RV?
Crista supraventricularis
Papillary muscles in the RV
Chordae tendonae
Medial papillary muscle
Moderator band
Remnant of fetal ductus arteriosus
Ligamentum arteriosum
Wall thickness LA
3mm
LV thickness
13-15mm
What area of LV is trabeculated
Apex
2 papillary muscles of the LV
Anterolateral (fed by diagonal)
Posteromedial (fed by PDA)
Which papillary muscle of the LV becomes more ischemic
Posteromedial
Thickness of membranous septum
1-3mm
What demarcates membranous from muscular septum
Limbus marginalis
RA wall thickness
2 mm
Mitral valve orifice size
9cm
Largest leaflet of the mitral valve
Anterior
Tricuspid valve orifice size
11cm
Aortic valve orifice
7.5cm
Pouch like structures behind the aortic and pulmonic valves
Sinuses of valsalva
Branches off of aortic arch
Innominate, left common carotid, left subclavian
Barorecepter mechanisms: impulses travel up the _______ nerves to the _______ thus send messages to the _______ nerve to the SA and AV nodes.
Glossopharyngeal, medulla, vagus
Which nervous system increases HR/strength of contraction/cardiac output
Sympathetic
Increased potassium = (incr/decr) HR and contraction
Decreased
Increased calcium = (incr/decr) in HR and contraction
Increase
Increase sodium = (incr/decr) cardiac function
Decrease
Nodule on semi-lunar valves
Arantii
Nodules on cusps of valves
lunulae
Pulmonic valve orifice
8.5cm
The thesbian and eustacian valve develop from what?
Right sinus venosus valve
Where does gas exchange occur
Capillary bed
RA pressure
0-8 mmHg
RV diastolic pressure
0-8 mmHg
RV systolic pressure
15-25 mmHg
PA systolic pressure
15-25 mmHG
PA diastolic pressure
8-15 mmHg
LA pressure
4-12 mmHg
LV diastolic pressure
4-12 mmHg
LV systolic pressure
110-130 mmHg
Aortic systolic pressure
110-130 mmHg
Aortic diastolic pressure
70-80 mmHg
What is phase 2 of ventricular diastole
Rapid ventricular filling (fills 75-80%)
What is phase 3 of ventricular diastole
Diastasis: LA and LV pressures reach equilibrium
What is phase 4 of contraction
Atrial kick; 10-30% of EDV. Atrial systole.
Isovolumic contraction
⬆️ pressure in ventricles; MV and TV close. No blood flow. ⬆️ pressure greater than PA/AO diastolic pressure then PV and AV open.
Pulmonary wedge pressure is equal to
LA (open conduit between PV to LA)
Frank Starling law (sliding filament hypothesis)
Force of contraction ⬆️ proportionately to the degree of diastolic stretch
Normal cardiac output
4-8 l/min
Contractile segment of a myofibril
Sarcomere
2 types of filaments in myofibrils
Myosin
Actin
Plasma membrane surface of a muscle
Sarcolemma
Contractile protein with rod like tail and globular heads
Myosin
Thin filament of muscle fiber
Actin
2 regulatory proteins
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Blocks actins active sites
Tropomyosin
Binds to Tropomyosin and Ca ions and actin
Troponin
What releases Ca when signaled for muscle contraction
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Conducts impulses to the deepest region of the cell and every Sarcomere yet is continuous with the extracellular space
T tubules
Cross bridge theory: actin requires _____ which leads to contraction
Ca
Cross bridge theory: Ca levels are low. Myosin binding to actin is blocked by ________.
Tropomyosin
Cross bridge theory: Ca becomes available and binds to ________ thus changes shape and the ________ moves away from the myosin-binding site.
Troponin, Tropomyosin
Activated myosin heads attach to the binding sites on actin
Cross bridge attachment
Myosin head binds, change shape and pulls on thin filament. ADP and inorganic phosphate are released from myosin head.
Working stroke
ATP molecule binds to myosin head and detaches from the actin
Cross bridge detachment
Enzyme that prevents the contraction of muscle fiber in absence of NS stimulation.
Acetylcholinesterase
Role of AChE
Destroys acetylcholine, preventing unwanted contractions
3 fetal shunts
Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Fetal shunt direction
R to L
What structure helps to direct the oxygenated blood from the RA to the LA
Eustachian valve
What structure must be present in order for the oxygenated blood to flow into the LA
Foramen ovale
Origin of myocardium
Splanchnic mesoderm (cardiogenic plates)
Cardiac/cushion jelly separates what?
Endothelial heart tubes from myocardium
Tissue on the dorsal wall of atrium
Septum primum
Opening/hole near dorsal wall of atria
Ostium primum
Amyl nitrate does what
Decr VR, incr SV/CO
L Cardinal vein becomes
Oblique vein of LA
Ventricular septum developed
28-46
Outflow track developed
35-56
Completion of outflow track
56
Ventricular septum ceases at what day
46
75% oxygen saturation
R side