A+P Final Project Flashcards
Multipolar Neuron
Has one axon and multiple dendrites
Bipolar Neuron
One dendrite and one axon and the cell body is in between the two
Unipolar Neuron
One process extending from its cell body, which then branches into the dendrite and the axon
Sensory/ Afferent Neuron
carries impulses to the brain and spinal cord
Interneuron
Located between the sensory and motor neurons
Motor/ efferent
Transmits signals from brain (CNS) to muscles, glands, and organs
Astrocyte
Large star shaped cell in CNS that supports nerve cells function
Microglia
Immune cells that protect the CNS from pathogens and damage
Oligodendrocytes
Brain cells that produce myelin sheath to insulate axons in the CNS
Ependymal
glial cells that line the brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal
Schwann Cell/ Neurolemmocytes
glial cells that form the myelin sheath on axons outside the brain
Satellite Cells
myogenic stem cells responsible for muscle regeneration throughout the lifespan
Cell body/ stoma
Gets signals from different neurons by using its dendrites, keeps up with well-being of the neuron
Nucleus
Control center of the cell, directs the synthesis of proteins
Nucleolus
produce and assemble to cells ribosomes
Nissl Bodies
responsible for protein synthesis within the cell body of neurons
Neurofibrils
support the organelles and change the shape of the cell
Axon
a long thin fiber that transmits signals away from the cell body of the neuron
Axon Hillock
Controls the initiation of electrical impulses
Initial Segment
generates and shapes the action potential before it is propagated along the axon
Axolemma
cell membrane that surrounds the axon
Telodendria
branched end of the axon, establishes functional contact with other nerve cells
Axon Terminals
specialized regions at the end of an axon that release neurotransmitters and conduct electrical impulses
Axon collaterals
branches that extend from an axon, allowing neurons to communicate with multiple other neurons and targets
Dendrites
Receive information from other neurons called presynaptic neurons
Myelin Sheath
an insulating layer made up of protein and fatty substances. It allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along nerve cells
Node of Ranvier
a gap in the myelin sheath that surrounds the neurons axon
Neuilemma
outermost layer of the plasma membrane of Schwann cells that surrounds nerve fibers of the PNS
Internode
portion of the nerve fiber between two nodes of ranvier
Gyrus
ridge on the cerebral cortex
Sulcus
shallow depression or groove in the cerebral cortex
Fissures
large furrows in the brains cortex that divide it into lobes and hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
A deep groove that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres
Transverse Fissure
deep groove that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
Primary Motor Cortex/ precentral gyrus
thin band of nerve cells in the brain that controls voluntary muscle movements
Postcentral Gyrus/ primary somatosensory cortex
perceives various somatic sensations from the body including touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
Lobes of the brain
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, Insula
Frontal lobe
largest lobe in the brain, located behind forehead. In control of the way you think, and how you perceive and remember things
Parietal lobe
Located near the back and top of the head. Processes sensory information and spatial cognition
Temporal lobe
Located near the temples and ears 2nd largest lobe. Associated with processing auditory information and the encoding of memories.
Occipital Lobe
Located at the back of the head. In charge of processing visual perception including color, form and motion
Insula
thin ribbon of gray matter, lies just deep to lateral brain surface. Gustatory and sensorimotor processing pain pathways, auditory, and vestibular function
Cerebral Hemispheres
Split the brain in half, left and right sides
Brainstem
made up of 3 parts. Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Midbrain
involved with several functions including motor control, vision, and hearing
pons
relays messages between the brain and the body, and control several unconscious processes
Medulla Oblongata
Bottom most part of the brainstem. Controls vital processes like your heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure
Cerebellum
two parts the cerebellar cortex, and arbor vitae
Cerebellar Cortex
outer layer of cerebellum, processes information from the body and brain to enable coordinated movements
Arbor Vitae
Branched tree like part of the cerebellum. Transmits sensory information to and from the Brian
Which would you call a “hill” of the brain surface?
Gyrus
Which would you call a “valley” of the brain surface
Sulcus
Olfactory Bulbs
Receive information about smells from the nose and sends it to the Brian by the olfactory tracts
Optic Chiasma
Allows for the crossing of fibers from the nasal retina to the optic tract on the other side
Thalamus
Consists of the Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus. Major relay center that edit and sorts information going into the cerebrum
Hypothalamus
Helps regulate the endocrine system; monitor you sleep cycle, control thirst, hunger, body temp, and autonomic nervou system
Pineal gland (epithalamus)
secretes hormone melatonin, which help regulate your sleep cycle
Pituitary Gland
releases several hormones, and help carry out important functions like growth, and metabolism
Infundibulum
allows for hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to be sent to the posterior pituitary for release into the bloodstream
Corpus Callosum
Larges tract of cerebral white matter, connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres
Dura Mater
the outermost meninx. It is thick and leathery
Arachnoid Mater
The middle meninx, thin transparent membrane, has no blood vessels
Pia Mater
the thinnest innermost meninx, clings to surface of cerebral hemispheres, it is richly supplied with blood vessels
What is the order of meninx from innermost to outermost
Pia mater
Arachnoid Mater
Dura Mater
Between which meninge layers is CSF found
Between the Arachnoid mater and Pia mater
What is the space between the Pia mater and arachnoid mater called
Subarachnoid Space
Lateral Ventricle
Located in the left and right cerebral hemispheres . Resemble Rams Horns. Help circulate CSF
Interventricular Foramen
Passageway from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricles (foramen means hole)
Third Ventricle
Housed within the Diencephalon. Helps circulate CSF
Cerebral Aqueduct
Connects the third and fourth ventricle
Fourth Ventricle
found within the brainstem, continuous with the central canal. Helps circulate CSF
Apertures
Openings in the fourth ventricle that allow CSF to flow into the subarachnoid space
Subarachnoid Space
Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. Filled with CSF to cushion the brain
Central Canal
A hallow passageway that runs down the central spinal cord
Dural Venous Sinus
a system of channels that collect and drain blood form the brain, face, and scalp
What pathway does CSF flow through
Lateral Ventricle, Interventricular foramen, third ventricle, cererbral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, apertured, subarachnoid space
List the cranial nerves
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
Olfactory (I) Nerve
Sensory nerve, consists of axons of olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium in the superior nasal cavity. It provides sense of smell
Optic nerve (II)
Sensory nerve, provides sense of vison, Axons emerge from the retina in the eye.
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
Sensory Nerve, innervates structures in the inner ear, it provides sense of hearing and equilibrium
Palpebrae
Eyelids.
Canthi
Medial and lateral. Medial Canthus is the lacrimal caruncle which contains sebaceous and sweat gland that lubricate the palpebrae.
Lacrimal Caruncle
contain sebaceous and seat glands that lubricate the palpebrae
Lacrimal Apparatus
lubricates and protects the eye by producing and draining tears
Lacrimal Gland
Located in the orbit above the lateral end of the eye. It function by moistening and lubricating the eye
Lacrimal Canals
small canals in the eyelids that drain tears from the surface of the eye to the nasal cavity
Lacrimal Sac
tear reservoir located in the inner corner of the eye that temporarily stores tears before they drain into the nose
Nasolacrimal duct
tube that carries tears from the eye to the nose
Lateral Rectus Muscle
Moves eye laterally
Medial Rectus Muscle
Moves eyeball medially
Superior Rectus Muscle
Moves eyeball superiorly
Inferior Rectus Muscle
Moves eyeball inferiorly
Superior Oblique Muscle
Moves eyeball inferiorly and laterally
Inferior Oblique Muscle
Moves eyeball superiorly and laterally
Lens of eye
Refracts (bends) the light coming into the eye to focus it
Anterior Cavity
anterior to the lens and is filled with aqueous humor.
Aqueous Humor
produced constantly, helps maintain proper eye pressure and refract light coming into the eye
Posterior Cavity
posterior to the lens and contains vitreous humor
Vitreous Humor
Thicker fluid that is also present at birth and also helps to refract light coming into the eye
Fibrous Tunic
The outermost layer of the eyeball. Made up of the Sclera and Cornea
Sclera
the white part of the eyeball. Made up of collagen fibers which makes it thick and tough
Cornea
The fourth refractory medium of the eyeball, it account for about two-thirds of the eye’s refractive power
Vascular Tunic
Carries most of the blood supply to the tissues of the eye
Choroid
makes up the posterior part of the vascular tunic. Brown in color and prevents light scattering in the eye
Cillary Body
It is made of smooth muscle that control the shape of the lens
Iris
Pigmented part of eye, smooth muscle fiber arranged around the opeing of the pupil. These are the muscles that constrict and or dilate you pupil
Pupil
opening of the eye where light comes in
Retina
layer of cells at the back of your eyeball. it converts light into nerve signals
Macula lutea
part of the retina that controls the sharp central vision, and color perception
Fovea Centralis
part of the retina that focuses the light so you can see small details
Optic Disc
point of exit and entry for the optic nerve, known as the blind spot because there are no cones or rods there.
What is visual acuity
sharpness of vision, along with the measured ability to discern letters or numbers at a given distance according to a fixed standard
What causes an astigatism
when your cornea or lens has a different than normal shape
what is accommodation
the ability of the lens to change shape to focus on objects at different distances
Auricle/ Pinna
a shell shaped structure composed of elastic cartilage the surrounds the opening of the external auditory canal
External Auditory Canal
Extend about 2.5cm into the temporal bone ends at the tympanic membrane
Tympanic Membrane
a thin sheet of epithelium and connective tissue that separates the outer ear and middle ear
Middle ear
small air-filled cavity within the temporal bone that houses tiny bones called ossicles
Ossicles
tiny bones in the middle ear, called the malleous, incus, stapes. when sound waves hit the tympanic membrane is vibrates these ossicles sending the sound into the oval window
Oval Window
opening to the inner ear, stapes is attached to this
round window
allows perilymph in the cochlea to vibrate
Pharyngotympanic/ Auditory, Eustachian tube
Connects the middle ear to the pharynx and equalizes pressure in the middle ear
Inner ear
contains the sense organs for hearing and equilibrium
Vestibule
an egg-shaped bony cavity that houses two structures responsible for equilibrium the saccule and the utricle
Saccule/ Utricle
both structures transmit impulses down the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve
Cochlea
is a spiral bony canal that contains a part of the membranous labyrinth called the cochlear duct
Semicircular Canals
situated at right angles to one another, they house the semicircular ducts and ampullae, which work together with the organ of the vestibule to maintain equilibrium
Nasal Cavity
space inside the nose
Cribiform Plate
A thin sleeve like bone that form the roof of the nasal cavity and seperates the brain from the nasal cavity
Olfactory Epithelium
Specialized tissue in the nose that detects odors and sends that information to the brian
Olfactory Receptor Cells
specialized neurons that detect odor molecules in the air and send information to the brain to help you perceive smell
Olfactory Bulbs
a pair of rounded masses of tissues located at the bottom of the brain. Responsible for processing smell information
Taste Buds
sensory organs that allow you to taste and are located on your tongue and in other parts of your mouth
Fungiform Papillae
small mushroom shaped projections on tongue that are respinsible for the perception of taste
Circumvallate Papillae
taste bud on the back of the tongue that form a v shape. They are responsible for taste perception and your gag reflex
Foliate Papillae
a set of verticle folds on the sides of your tongue that contain many taste buds and help with sense of taste
