A+P Final Project Flashcards
1
Q
Multipolar Neuron
A
Has one axon and multiple dendrites
2
Q
Bipolar Neuron
A
One dendrite and one axon and the cell body is in between the two
3
Q
Unipolar Neuron
A
One process extending from its cell body, which then branches into the dendrite and the axon
4
Q
Sensory/ Afferent Neuron
A
carries impulses to the brain and spinal cord
5
Q
Interneuron
A
Located between the sensory and motor neurons
6
Q
Motor/ efferent
A
Transmits signals from brain (CNS) to muscles, glands, and organs
7
Q
Astrocyte
A
Large star shaped cell in CNS that supports nerve cells function
8
Q
Microglia
A
Immune cells that protect the CNS from pathogens and damage
9
Q
Oligodendrocytes
A
Brain cells that produce myelin sheath to insulate axons in the CNS
10
Q
Ependymal
A
glial cells that line the brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal
11
Q
Schwann Cell/ Neurolemmocytes
A
glial cells that form the myelin sheath on axons outside the brain
12
Q
Satellite Cells
A
myogenic stem cells responsible for muscle regeneration throughout the lifespan
13
Q
Cell body/ stoma
A
Gets signals from different neurons by using its dendrites, keeps up with well-being of the neuron
14
Q
Nucleus
A
Control center of the cell, directs the synthesis of proteins
15
Q
Nucleolus
A
produce and assemble to cells ribosomes
16
Q
Nissl Bodies
A
responsible for protein synthesis within the cell body of neurons
17
Q
Neurofibrils
A
support the organelles and change the shape of the cell
18
Q
Axon
A
a long thin fiber that transmits signals away from the cell body of the neuron
19
Q
Axon Hillock
A
Controls the initiation of electrical impulses
20
Q
Initial Segment
A
generates and shapes the action potential before it is propagated along the axon
21
Q
Axolemma
A
cell membrane that surrounds the axon
22
Q
Telodendria
A
branched end of the axon, establishes functional contact with other nerve cells
23
Q
Axon Terminals
A
specialized regions at the end of an axon that release neurotransmitters and conduct electrical impulses
24
Q
Axon collaterals
A
branches that extend from an axon, allowing neurons to communicate with multiple other neurons and targets
25
Dendrites
Receive information from other neurons called presynaptic neurons
26
Myelin Sheath
an insulating layer made up of protein and fatty substances. It allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along nerve cells
27
Node of Ranvier
a gap in the myelin sheath that surrounds the neurons axon
28
Neuilemma
outermost layer of the plasma membrane of Schwann cells that surrounds nerve fibers of the PNS
29
Internode
portion of the nerve fiber between two nodes of ranvier
30
Gyrus
ridge on the cerebral cortex
31
Sulcus
shallow depression or groove in the cerebral cortex
32
Fissures
large furrows in the brains cortex that divide it into lobes and hemispheres
33
Longitudinal fissure
A deep groove that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres
34
Transverse Fissure
deep groove that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
35
Primary Motor Cortex/ precentral gyrus
thin band of nerve cells in the brain that controls voluntary muscle movements
36
Postcentral Gyrus/ primary somatosensory cortex
perceives various somatic sensations from the body including touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
37
Lobes of the brain
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, Insula
38
Frontal lobe
largest lobe in the brain, located behind forehead. In control of the way you think, and how you perceive and remember things
39
Parietal lobe
Located near the back and top of the head. Processes sensory information and spatial cognition
40
Temporal lobe
Located near the temples and ears 2nd largest lobe. Associated with processing auditory information and the encoding of memories.
41
Occipital Lobe
Located at the back of the head. In charge of processing visual perception including color, form and motion
42
Insula
thin ribbon of gray matter, lies just deep to lateral brain surface. Gustatory and sensorimotor processing pain pathways, auditory, and vestibular function
43
Cerebral Hemispheres
Split the brain in half, left and right sides
44
Brainstem
made up of 3 parts. Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
45
Midbrain
involved with several functions including motor control, vision, and hearing
46
pons
relays messages between the brain and the body, and control several unconscious processes
47
Medulla Oblongata
Bottom most part of the brainstem. Controls vital processes like your heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure
48
Cerebellum
two parts the cerebellar cortex, and arbor vitae
49
Cerebellar Cortex
outer layer of cerebellum, processes information from the body and brain to enable coordinated movements
50
Arbor Vitae
Branched tree like part of the cerebellum. Transmits sensory information to and from the Brian
51
Which would you call a "hill" of the brain surface?
Gyrus
52
Which would you call a "valley" of the brain surface
Sulcus
53
Olfactory Bulbs
Receive information about smells from the nose and sends it to the Brian by the olfactory tracts
54
Optic Chiasma
Allows for the crossing of fibers from the nasal retina to the optic tract on the other side
55
Thalamus
Consists of the Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus. Major relay center that edit and sorts information going into the cerebrum
56
Hypothalamus
Helps regulate the endocrine system; monitor you sleep cycle, control thirst, hunger, body temp, and autonomic nervou system
57
Pineal gland (epithalamus)
secretes hormone melatonin, which help regulate your sleep cycle
58
Pituitary Gland
releases several hormones, and help carry out important functions like growth, and metabolism
59
Infundibulum
allows for hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to be sent to the posterior pituitary for release into the bloodstream
60
Corpus Callosum
Larges tract of cerebral white matter, connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres
61
Dura Mater
the outermost meninx. It is thick and leathery
62
Arachnoid Mater
The middle meninx, thin transparent membrane, has no blood vessels
63
Pia Mater
the thinnest innermost meninx, clings to surface of cerebral hemispheres, it is richly supplied with blood vessels
64
What is the order of meninx from innermost to outermost
Pia mater
Arachnoid Mater
Dura Mater
65
Between which meninge layers is CSF found
Between the Arachnoid mater and Pia mater
66
What is the space between the Pia mater and arachnoid mater called
Subarachnoid Space
67
Lateral Ventricle
Located in the left and right cerebral hemispheres . Resemble Rams Horns. Help circulate CSF
68
Interventricular Foramen
Passageway from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricles (foramen means hole)
69
Third Ventricle
Housed within the Diencephalon. Helps circulate CSF
70
Cerebral Aqueduct
Connects the third and fourth ventricle
71
Fourth Ventricle
found within the brainstem, continuous with the central canal. Helps circulate CSF
72
Apertures
Openings in the fourth ventricle that allow CSF to flow into the subarachnoid space
73
Subarachnoid Space
Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. Filled with CSF to cushion the brain
74
Central Canal
A hallow passageway that runs down the central spinal cord
75
Dural Venous Sinus
a system of channels that collect and drain blood form the brain, face, and scalp
76
What pathway does CSF flow through
Lateral Ventricle, Interventricular foramen, third ventricle, cererbral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, apertured, subarachnoid space
77
List the cranial nerves
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
78
Olfactory (I) Nerve
Sensory nerve, consists of axons of olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium in the superior nasal cavity. It provides sense of smell
79
Optic nerve (II)
Sensory nerve, provides sense of vison, Axons emerge from the retina in the eye.
80
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
Sensory Nerve, innervates structures in the inner ear, it provides sense of hearing and equilibrium
81
Palpebrae
Eyelids.
82
Canthi
Medial and lateral. Medial Canthus is the lacrimal caruncle which contains sebaceous and sweat gland that lubricate the palpebrae.
83
Lacrimal Caruncle
contain sebaceous and seat glands that lubricate the palpebrae
84
Lacrimal Apparatus
lubricates and protects the eye by producing and draining tears
85
Lacrimal Gland
Located in the orbit above the lateral end of the eye. It function by moistening and lubricating the eye
86
Lacrimal Canals
small canals in the eyelids that drain tears from the surface of the eye to the nasal cavity
87
Lacrimal Sac
tear reservoir located in the inner corner of the eye that temporarily stores tears before they drain into the nose
88
Nasolacrimal duct
tube that carries tears from the eye to the nose
89
Lateral Rectus Muscle
Moves eye laterally
90
Medial Rectus Muscle
Moves eyeball medially
91
Superior Rectus Muscle
Moves eyeball superiorly
92
Inferior Rectus Muscle
Moves eyeball inferiorly
93
Superior Oblique Muscle
Moves eyeball inferiorly and laterally
94
Inferior Oblique Muscle
Moves eyeball superiorly and laterally
95
Lens of eye
Refracts (bends) the light coming into the eye to focus it
96
Anterior Cavity
anterior to the lens and is filled with aqueous humor.
97
Aqueous Humor
produced constantly, helps maintain proper eye pressure and refract light coming into the eye
98
Posterior Cavity
posterior to the lens and contains vitreous humor
99
Vitreous Humor
Thicker fluid that is also present at birth and also helps to refract light coming into the eye
100
Fibrous Tunic
The outermost layer of the eyeball. Made up of the Sclera and Cornea
101
Sclera
the white part of the eyeball. Made up of collagen fibers which makes it thick and tough
102
Cornea
The fourth refractory medium of the eyeball, it account for about two-thirds of the eye's refractive power
103
Vascular Tunic
Carries most of the blood supply to the tissues of the eye
104
Choroid
makes up the posterior part of the vascular tunic. Brown in color and prevents light scattering in the eye
105
Cillary Body
It is made of smooth muscle that control the shape of the lens
106
Iris
Pigmented part of eye, smooth muscle fiber arranged around the opeing of the pupil. These are the muscles that constrict and or dilate you pupil
107
Pupil
opening of the eye where light comes in
108
Retina
layer of cells at the back of your eyeball. it converts light into nerve signals
109
Macula lutea
part of the retina that controls the sharp central vision, and color perception
110
Fovea Centralis
part of the retina that focuses the light so you can see small details
111
Optic Disc
point of exit and entry for the optic nerve, known as the blind spot because there are no cones or rods there.
112
What is visual acuity
sharpness of vision, along with the measured ability to discern letters or numbers at a given distance according to a fixed standard
113
What causes an astigatism
when your cornea or lens has a different than normal shape
114
what is accommodation
the ability of the lens to change shape to focus on objects at different distances
115
Auricle/ Pinna
a shell shaped structure composed of elastic cartilage the surrounds the opening of the external auditory canal
116
External Auditory Canal
Extend about 2.5cm into the temporal bone ends at the tympanic membrane
117
Tympanic Membrane
a thin sheet of epithelium and connective tissue that separates the outer ear and middle ear
118
Middle ear
small air-filled cavity within the temporal bone that houses tiny bones called ossicles
119
Ossicles
tiny bones in the middle ear, called the malleous, incus, stapes. when sound waves hit the tympanic membrane is vibrates these ossicles sending the sound into the oval window
120
Oval Window
opening to the inner ear, stapes is attached to this
121
round window
allows perilymph in the cochlea to vibrate
122
Pharyngotympanic/ Auditory, Eustachian tube
Connects the middle ear to the pharynx and equalizes pressure in the middle ear
123
Inner ear
contains the sense organs for hearing and equilibrium
124
Vestibule
an egg-shaped bony cavity that houses two structures responsible for equilibrium the saccule and the utricle
125
Saccule/ Utricle
both structures transmit impulses down the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve
126
Cochlea
is a spiral bony canal that contains a part of the membranous labyrinth called the cochlear duct
127
Semicircular Canals
situated at right angles to one another, they house the semicircular ducts and ampullae, which work together with the organ of the vestibule to maintain equilibrium
128
Nasal Cavity
space inside the nose
129
Cribiform Plate
A thin sleeve like bone that form the roof of the nasal cavity and seperates the brain from the nasal cavity
130
Olfactory Epithelium
Specialized tissue in the nose that detects odors and sends that information to the brian
131
Olfactory Receptor Cells
specialized neurons that detect odor molecules in the air and send information to the brain to help you perceive smell
132
Olfactory Bulbs
a pair of rounded masses of tissues located at the bottom of the brain. Responsible for processing smell information
133
Taste Buds
sensory organs that allow you to taste and are located on your tongue and in other parts of your mouth
134
Fungiform Papillae
small mushroom shaped projections on tongue that are respinsible for the perception of taste
135
Circumvallate Papillae
taste bud on the back of the tongue that form a v shape. They are responsible for taste perception and your gag reflex
136
Foliate Papillae
a set of verticle folds on the sides of your tongue that contain many taste buds and help with sense of taste
