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A and P Lab Final Project > A+P Final Project > Flashcards

A+P Final Project Flashcards

1
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

Has one axon and multiple dendrites

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2
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

One dendrite and one axon and the cell body is in between the two

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3
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

One process extending from its cell body, which then branches into the dendrite and the axon

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4
Q

Sensory/ Afferent Neuron

A

carries impulses to the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Interneuron

A

Located between the sensory and motor neurons

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6
Q

Motor/ efferent

A

Transmits signals from brain (CNS) to muscles, glands, and organs

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7
Q

Astrocyte

A

Large star shaped cell in CNS that supports nerve cells function

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8
Q

Microglia

A

Immune cells that protect the CNS from pathogens and damage

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9
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Brain cells that produce myelin sheath to insulate axons in the CNS

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10
Q

Ependymal

A

glial cells that line the brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal

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11
Q

Schwann Cell/ Neurolemmocytes

A

glial cells that form the myelin sheath on axons outside the brain

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12
Q

Satellite Cells

A

myogenic stem cells responsible for muscle regeneration throughout the lifespan

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13
Q

Cell body/ stoma

A

Gets signals from different neurons by using its dendrites, keeps up with well-being of the neuron

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14
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell, directs the synthesis of proteins

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15
Q

Nucleolus

A

produce and assemble to cells ribosomes

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16
Q

Nissl Bodies

A

responsible for protein synthesis within the cell body of neurons

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17
Q

Neurofibrils

A

support the organelles and change the shape of the cell

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18
Q

Axon

A

a long thin fiber that transmits signals away from the cell body of the neuron

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19
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Controls the initiation of electrical impulses

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20
Q

Initial Segment

A

generates and shapes the action potential before it is propagated along the axon

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21
Q

Axolemma

A

cell membrane that surrounds the axon

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22
Q

Telodendria

A

branched end of the axon, establishes functional contact with other nerve cells

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23
Q

Axon Terminals

A

specialized regions at the end of an axon that release neurotransmitters and conduct electrical impulses

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24
Q

Axon collaterals

A

branches that extend from an axon, allowing neurons to communicate with multiple other neurons and targets

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25
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information from other neurons called presynaptic neurons

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26
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

an insulating layer made up of protein and fatty substances. It allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along nerve cells

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27
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

a gap in the myelin sheath that surrounds the neurons axon

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28
Q

Neuilemma

A

outermost layer of the plasma membrane of Schwann cells that surrounds nerve fibers of the PNS

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29
Q

Internode

A

portion of the nerve fiber between two nodes of ranvier

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30
Q

Gyrus

A

ridge on the cerebral cortex

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31
Q

Sulcus

A

shallow depression or groove in the cerebral cortex

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32
Q

Fissures

A

large furrows in the brains cortex that divide it into lobes and hemispheres

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33
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

A deep groove that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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34
Q

Transverse Fissure

A

deep groove that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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35
Q

Primary Motor Cortex/ precentral gyrus

A

thin band of nerve cells in the brain that controls voluntary muscle movements

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36
Q

Postcentral Gyrus/ primary somatosensory cortex

A

perceives various somatic sensations from the body including touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

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37
Q

Lobes of the brain

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, Insula

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38
Q

Frontal lobe

A

largest lobe in the brain, located behind forehead. In control of the way you think, and how you perceive and remember things

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39
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Located near the back and top of the head. Processes sensory information and spatial cognition

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40
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Located near the temples and ears 2nd largest lobe. Associated with processing auditory information and the encoding of memories.

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41
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Located at the back of the head. In charge of processing visual perception including color, form and motion

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42
Q

Insula

A

thin ribbon of gray matter, lies just deep to lateral brain surface. Gustatory and sensorimotor processing pain pathways, auditory, and vestibular function

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43
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Split the brain in half, left and right sides

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44
Q

Brainstem

A

made up of 3 parts. Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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45
Q

Midbrain

A

involved with several functions including motor control, vision, and hearing

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46
Q

pons

A

relays messages between the brain and the body, and control several unconscious processes

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47
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Bottom most part of the brainstem. Controls vital processes like your heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure

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48
Q

Cerebellum

A

two parts the cerebellar cortex, and arbor vitae

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49
Q

Cerebellar Cortex

A

outer layer of cerebellum, processes information from the body and brain to enable coordinated movements

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50
Q

Arbor Vitae

A

Branched tree like part of the cerebellum. Transmits sensory information to and from the Brian

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51
Q

Which would you call a “hill” of the brain surface?

A

Gyrus

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52
Q

Which would you call a “valley” of the brain surface

A

Sulcus

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53
Q

Olfactory Bulbs

A

Receive information about smells from the nose and sends it to the Brian by the olfactory tracts

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54
Q

Optic Chiasma

A

Allows for the crossing of fibers from the nasal retina to the optic tract on the other side

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55
Q

Thalamus

A

Consists of the Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus. Major relay center that edit and sorts information going into the cerebrum

56
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Helps regulate the endocrine system; monitor you sleep cycle, control thirst, hunger, body temp, and autonomic nervou system

57
Q

Pineal gland (epithalamus)

A

secretes hormone melatonin, which help regulate your sleep cycle

58
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

releases several hormones, and help carry out important functions like growth, and metabolism

59
Q

Infundibulum

A

allows for hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to be sent to the posterior pituitary for release into the bloodstream

60
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Larges tract of cerebral white matter, connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres

61
Q

Dura Mater

A

the outermost meninx. It is thick and leathery

62
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

The middle meninx, thin transparent membrane, has no blood vessels

63
Q

Pia Mater

A

the thinnest innermost meninx, clings to surface of cerebral hemispheres, it is richly supplied with blood vessels

64
Q

What is the order of meninx from innermost to outermost

A

Pia mater
Arachnoid Mater
Dura Mater

65
Q

Between which meninge layers is CSF found

A

Between the Arachnoid mater and Pia mater

66
Q

What is the space between the Pia mater and arachnoid mater called

A

Subarachnoid Space

67
Q

Lateral Ventricle

A

Located in the left and right cerebral hemispheres . Resemble Rams Horns. Help circulate CSF

68
Q

Interventricular Foramen

A

Passageway from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricles (foramen means hole)

69
Q

Third Ventricle

A

Housed within the Diencephalon. Helps circulate CSF

70
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

Connects the third and fourth ventricle

71
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A

found within the brainstem, continuous with the central canal. Helps circulate CSF

72
Q

Apertures

A

Openings in the fourth ventricle that allow CSF to flow into the subarachnoid space

73
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. Filled with CSF to cushion the brain

74
Q

Central Canal

A

A hallow passageway that runs down the central spinal cord

75
Q

Dural Venous Sinus

A

a system of channels that collect and drain blood form the brain, face, and scalp

76
Q

What pathway does CSF flow through

A

Lateral Ventricle, Interventricular foramen, third ventricle, cererbral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, apertured, subarachnoid space

77
Q

List the cranial nerves

A

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

78
Q

Olfactory (I) Nerve

A

Sensory nerve, consists of axons of olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium in the superior nasal cavity. It provides sense of smell

79
Q

Optic nerve (II)

A

Sensory nerve, provides sense of vison, Axons emerge from the retina in the eye.

80
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)

A

Sensory Nerve, innervates structures in the inner ear, it provides sense of hearing and equilibrium

81
Q

Palpebrae

A

Eyelids.

82
Q

Canthi

A

Medial and lateral. Medial Canthus is the lacrimal caruncle which contains sebaceous and sweat gland that lubricate the palpebrae.

83
Q

Lacrimal Caruncle

A

contain sebaceous and seat glands that lubricate the palpebrae

84
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

A

lubricates and protects the eye by producing and draining tears

85
Q

Lacrimal Gland

A

Located in the orbit above the lateral end of the eye. It function by moistening and lubricating the eye

86
Q

Lacrimal Canals

A

small canals in the eyelids that drain tears from the surface of the eye to the nasal cavity

87
Q

Lacrimal Sac

A

tear reservoir located in the inner corner of the eye that temporarily stores tears before they drain into the nose

88
Q

Nasolacrimal duct

A

tube that carries tears from the eye to the nose

89
Q

Lateral Rectus Muscle

A

Moves eye laterally

90
Q

Medial Rectus Muscle

A

Moves eyeball medially

91
Q

Superior Rectus Muscle

A

Moves eyeball superiorly

92
Q

Inferior Rectus Muscle

A

Moves eyeball inferiorly

93
Q

Superior Oblique Muscle

A

Moves eyeball inferiorly and laterally

94
Q

Inferior Oblique Muscle

A

Moves eyeball superiorly and laterally

95
Q

Lens of eye

A

Refracts (bends) the light coming into the eye to focus it

96
Q

Anterior Cavity

A

anterior to the lens and is filled with aqueous humor.

97
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

produced constantly, helps maintain proper eye pressure and refract light coming into the eye

98
Q

Posterior Cavity

A

posterior to the lens and contains vitreous humor

99
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

Thicker fluid that is also present at birth and also helps to refract light coming into the eye

100
Q

Fibrous Tunic

A

The outermost layer of the eyeball. Made up of the Sclera and Cornea

101
Q

Sclera

A

the white part of the eyeball. Made up of collagen fibers which makes it thick and tough

102
Q

Cornea

A

The fourth refractory medium of the eyeball, it account for about two-thirds of the eye’s refractive power

103
Q

Vascular Tunic

A

Carries most of the blood supply to the tissues of the eye

104
Q

Choroid

A

makes up the posterior part of the vascular tunic. Brown in color and prevents light scattering in the eye

105
Q

Cillary Body

A

It is made of smooth muscle that control the shape of the lens

106
Q

Iris

A

Pigmented part of eye, smooth muscle fiber arranged around the opeing of the pupil. These are the muscles that constrict and or dilate you pupil

107
Q

Pupil

A

opening of the eye where light comes in

108
Q

Retina

A

layer of cells at the back of your eyeball. it converts light into nerve signals

109
Q

Macula lutea

A

part of the retina that controls the sharp central vision, and color perception

110
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

part of the retina that focuses the light so you can see small details

111
Q

Optic Disc

A

point of exit and entry for the optic nerve, known as the blind spot because there are no cones or rods there.

112
Q

What is visual acuity

A

sharpness of vision, along with the measured ability to discern letters or numbers at a given distance according to a fixed standard

113
Q

What causes an astigatism

A

when your cornea or lens has a different than normal shape

114
Q

what is accommodation

A

the ability of the lens to change shape to focus on objects at different distances

115
Q

Auricle/ Pinna

A

a shell shaped structure composed of elastic cartilage the surrounds the opening of the external auditory canal

116
Q

External Auditory Canal

A

Extend about 2.5cm into the temporal bone ends at the tympanic membrane

117
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

a thin sheet of epithelium and connective tissue that separates the outer ear and middle ear

118
Q

Middle ear

A

small air-filled cavity within the temporal bone that houses tiny bones called ossicles

119
Q

Ossicles

A

tiny bones in the middle ear, called the malleous, incus, stapes. when sound waves hit the tympanic membrane is vibrates these ossicles sending the sound into the oval window

120
Q

Oval Window

A

opening to the inner ear, stapes is attached to this

121
Q

round window

A

allows perilymph in the cochlea to vibrate

122
Q

Pharyngotympanic/ Auditory, Eustachian tube

A

Connects the middle ear to the pharynx and equalizes pressure in the middle ear

123
Q

Inner ear

A

contains the sense organs for hearing and equilibrium

124
Q

Vestibule

A

an egg-shaped bony cavity that houses two structures responsible for equilibrium the saccule and the utricle

125
Q

Saccule/ Utricle

A

both structures transmit impulses down the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve

126
Q

Cochlea

A

is a spiral bony canal that contains a part of the membranous labyrinth called the cochlear duct

127
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

situated at right angles to one another, they house the semicircular ducts and ampullae, which work together with the organ of the vestibule to maintain equilibrium

128
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

space inside the nose

129
Q

Cribiform Plate

A

A thin sleeve like bone that form the roof of the nasal cavity and seperates the brain from the nasal cavity

130
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

Specialized tissue in the nose that detects odors and sends that information to the brian

131
Q

Olfactory Receptor Cells

A

specialized neurons that detect odor molecules in the air and send information to the brain to help you perceive smell

132
Q

Olfactory Bulbs

A

a pair of rounded masses of tissues located at the bottom of the brain. Responsible for processing smell information

133
Q

Taste Buds

A

sensory organs that allow you to taste and are located on your tongue and in other parts of your mouth

134
Q

Fungiform Papillae

A

small mushroom shaped projections on tongue that are respinsible for the perception of taste

135
Q

Circumvallate Papillae

A

taste bud on the back of the tongue that form a v shape. They are responsible for taste perception and your gag reflex

136
Q

Foliate Papillae

A

a set of verticle folds on the sides of your tongue that contain many taste buds and help with sense of taste

A and P Lab Final Project (1 decks)

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