A&P FINAL EXAM

Question 1

Isotonic, Hypertonic , Hypotonic

Answer 1

Isotonic : if a cell is placed into a solution neither shrinks nor swells the solution is said to be isotonic. In an isotonic solution, the shape of the cell REMAINS CONSTANT, MAINTAINING ITS INTERNAL TENSION( TONE) A CONDITION CALLED tonicity. Has the same concentration of solutes and water as the cytoplasm of the cell no net movement of water occurs.

Hypertonic: If a cell is placed into a solution and water moves out of the cell by OSMOSIS causing the cell to SHRINK the solution is called hypertonic. Greater concentration of solute molecules and lower concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell. Water moves by osmosis from the cell into the hypertonic solution, causing the cell to shrink a process called CRENATION in red blood cells.

Hypotonic: If a cell is placed into a solution and water moves into the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to swell the solution is called hypotonic. Has a smaller concentration of solute molecules and a greater concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell. Water moves by OSMOSIS into the cell causing it to swell.

SN: if the cell ruptures because of the swell etc.. its called LYSIS okay ..

Question 2

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 2

is the force required to prevent water from moving across a selectively permeable membrane.

The osmotic pressure of a solution provides information about the tendency for water to move by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane. ( water likes to move from LESS CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS INTO MORE CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS ) the greater the concentration of a solution the greater the tendency for water to move into the solution, and the greater the osmotic pressure to PREVENT THAN MOVEMENT

Question 3

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 3

force exerted by blood on capillary walls

Question 4

Endocytosis

• Phagocytosis
• Pinocytosis

Answer 4

Endocytosis - occurs when material moves through the plasama membrane and into the cytoplasm by the formation of a vesicle.

Phagocytosis - “ cell eating” solid particles are ingestec and phagoytic vesicles are formed. EX: WHITE BLOOD CELLS PHAGOCYTIZE BACTERIA , CELL DEBRIS AND FOREIGN PARTICLES. Phagocytosis is the elimination of harmful substances from the body

Pinocytes - “ cell drinking “ is distinguished from phagocytosis in that smaller vesicles form and they contain molecules dissolved in liquid rather than particles. Forms vescile near the tips of deep invaginations of the plasama membrane. COMMON TRANSPORT PHENOMEMOM IN A VARIETY OF CELLS.

Question 5

Active Transport

Answer 5

is a mediated transport process that requires energy provided by ATP. Movement of the transported substance to the opposite side of the membrane and its subsequent release from the ATP powered pump are fuled by the break down of ATP.

• Maximum rate depends on the number of ATP-powerd pumps in the plasama membrane and the availibility of adequate ATP.
• It can move substances against their concentration gradients that is from LOWER concentrations to HIGHER concentrations.
• NA+ , K + and CA2 are actively transported.
• requires cell to expend metabolic energy

Question 6

Passive Transport

Answer 6

the cells do not expend metabolic energy.

- includes diffusion ,osmosis , and facilitated diffusion.

Question 7

Faciliated Transport ( mediated transport process)

Answer 7

that moves substances into or out of cells from a HIGHER to a LOWER concentration. ( carrier proteins and channel proteins carry out faciliated diffusion)
- does not require metabolic energy to transport substances across the plasama membrane

Question 8

Strata of epidermis

5

Answer 8

strata corneum - most superficial stratum of the epidermis 25 or more dead squamous cells.

starta lucidum - three to five layers of dead cells; appears transparent; present in thick skin, absent in most thin skin.

stratum granulosm - two to five layers of flattended, diamond shaped cells

stratum spinosum- a total of 8-10 layers of many sided cells

stratum basale - deepest stratum of the epidermis; single layer of cuboidal of columnar cells; basement membrance of the epidermis attaches to the dermis

Question 9

Dermis

Answer 9

• deep part of the skin; connective tissue composed of two layers
• is responsible for the strucutural strength and flexibility of the skin; the epidermis exchanges gases nurtrients and waste products with blood vessels in the dermis

Question 10

Arrector Pili

Answer 10

• associated with each hair follicle are smooth muscle cells.
• fucking goose bumps lol
• when the arrector pili muscles contract they pull follicl into a a perpendicular position causing the hair to “stand on end”

Question 11

Dermal Papillae

Answer 11

under the thick skin of the palms and hands soles of feet lie in parallel curving ridges that shape the overlying epidermis into fingerprints and footprints.

• increase friction
• improve grips of hands feet

Question 12

Hypodermis

Answer 12

Thin layer below the Dermis
Contains areolar and adipose connective tissue
Anchors skin to underlying structures

Question 13

Mucous Membrane

Answer 13

lines cavities and canals that open to the outside of the body such as , digestive , respiratory , excretory , and reproductive passages.
protection - absorption-secretion

Question 14

Serous Membrane

Answer 14

lines cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body such as the pericardial , pleural , and periotoneal cavity.

• consist of 3 layers ( simple squamous , epithelium, called metholilium.
• do not contain glands

Question 15

Synovial membranes

Answer 15

line freely movable joints.

• made up of only connective tissue.
• produce synovial fluid rich hyaluronic acid, making the joint.

Question 16

Holocrine Gland

Answer 16

Release entire cells that disintegrate to release cell secretions
Example: sebaceous glands of the skin

• The whole cell detaches with the secreation
• Cells of holocrine glands dislodge from basement membrane to give rise to secretory material, thus whole of cells are lost to give rise to secretory material.

Question 17

Exocrine Gland

Answer 17

Exocrine Glands
An organ that makes one or more substances, such as sweat, tears, saliva, or milk. Exocrine glands release the substances into a duct or opening to the inside or outside of the body.