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A&P Final > A&P Final > Flashcards

A&P Final Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Provides links from outside world. All neural structures outside brain: sensory receptors, nerves, ganglia, efferent motor endings

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2
Q

Sensation

A

awareness of stimulus

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3
Q

perception

A

interpretation of meaning of stimulus

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4
Q

clarification of receptors

A

type of stimulus they detect
location in body
structural complexity

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5
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch

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6
Q

thermoreceptors

A

sensitive to change in temp

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7
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light change

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8
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemical

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9
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to pain

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10
Q

exteroceptors

A

respond to stimuli arising outside body

touch, pain, pressure, temperature

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11
Q

interoceptors

A

inside body

chemical, tissue stretch, temperature

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12
Q

proprioceptors

A

respond to stretch

inform brain of ones movement

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13
Q

nonencapsulated (free) Nerve Endings

A

abundant in epithelia and connective tissue
most nonmyelinated (travel slow)
respond mostly to pain and temperature

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14
Q

Encapsulated Nerve Endings

A

all mechanoreceptors in connective tissue capsule

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15
Q

tacile corpuscle

A

discriminative touch

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16
Q

lamellar corpuscle

A

deep pressure and vibration

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17
Q

bulbous corpuscle

A

deep continuous pressure

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18
Q

muscle spindles

A

muscle stretch

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19
Q

tendon organ

A

stretch in tendon

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20
Q

joint kinesthetic receptors

A

joint position and motion

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21
Q

sensation

A

awareness of change in internal and external environment (someone walking behind you)

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22
Q

perception

A

conscious interpretation of stimuli (are you in danger?)

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23
Q

somatosensory

A
  1. receptor level- sensory receptors
  2. circuit level- process in ascending pathways
  3. perceptual level- process in cortical sensory areas
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24
Q

perceptual detection

A

ability to detect a stimulus has occurred

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25
Q

magnitude estimation

A

ability to detect how intense stimuli are

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26
Q

spatial discrimination

A

identify state or pattern of stimulation

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27
Q

spatial discrimination

A

identify state or pattern of stimulation

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28
Q

feature abstraction

A

mechanism has a preference for one stimulus than another

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29
Q

visceral pain

A

stimulation of visceral organ receptors

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30
Q

referred pain

A

pain in one body pain caused from another

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31
Q

spinal nerves

A 
31 in all. 
8 cervical (c1-c8)
12 thoratic (t1-t12)
5 lumbar (l1-l5)
5 sacral (s1-s5)
1 coccygeal (c0)
32
Q

ventral root

A

contains motor (EFFERENT) fibers from ventral horn motor neurons

33
Q

dorsal root

A

contains sensory (AFFERENT) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal ganglia and conduct impulses from peripheral receptors

34
Q

sacral plexus

A

l4-s4
serves as buttock, lower limb, pelvic structure
sciatic nerve resides here

35
Q

sciatic nerve

A

longest and thickest nerve in body

composed of tibial and common fibular

36
Q

dermatone

A

area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of single spinal nerve (how spinal cord injury detected)

37
Q

somatic reflexes

A

activate muscles (stove hot-pull hand away)

38
Q

somatic reflexes

A

activate muscles (stove hot-pull hand away)

39
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

CNS consists of brain and spinal cord

40
Q

Cephalization

A
  • Evolutionary development of rostral (anterior) portion of CNS
  • Increased number of neurons in head
  • Highest level reached in human brain
41
Q

Ventricles of the Brain

A
  • Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • Lined by ependymal cells
  • Connected to one another and to central canal of spinal cord
  • Lateral ventricles  third ventricle via interventricular foramen
  • Third ventricle  fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
42
Q

Regions of the Adult Brain

A
  • Cerebral hemispheres
  • Diencephalon
  • Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
  • Cerebellum
43
Q

Anatomical Features of Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Surface markings
Ridges (gyri), shallow grooves (sulci), and deep grooves (fissures)

Longitudinal fissure
Separates two hemispheres
Transverse cerebral fissure
Separates cerebrum and cerebellum

44
Q

Basic Regions of Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Cerebral cortex of gray matter superficially
  • White matter internally
  • Basal nuclei deep within white matter
45
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding

46
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Long axons  pyramidal tracts of spinal cord

Motor homunculi - upside-down caricatures represent contralateral motor innervation of body regions

47
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Long axons  pyramidal tracts of spinal cord

Motor homunculi - upside-down caricatures represent contralateral motor innervation of body regions

48
Q

Premotor Cortex

A
  • Helps plan movements; staging area for skilled motor activities
  • Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills
  • Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions
  • Controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback
49
Q

Multimodal Association Areas: Anterior Association Area

A

Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality

50
Q

Multimodal Association Areas: Posterior Association Area

A

Plays role in recognizing patterns and faces, localizing us in space and understanding written and spoken language

51
Q

Multimodal Association Areas: Limbic Association Area

A

Provides emotional impact that makes scene important and helps establish memories

52
Q

Multimodal Association Areas: Limbic Association Area

A

Provides emotional impact that makes scene important and helps establish memories

53
Q

Lateralization

A

Division of labor between hemispheres

54
Q

Cerebral dominance

A

hemisphere dominant for language, math and logic

55
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Functions as the “Gateway” to the cerebral cortex
  • Sorts, edits, and relays ascending input
  • Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory
56
Q

Hypothalamic Function

A
  • Controls autonomic nervous system
    e. g., blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, pupil size
  • Physical responses to emotions
  • Perception of pleasure, fear, and rage, and in biological rhythms and drives
  • Regulates body temperature, hunger and satiety, water balance and thirst, sleep-wake cycle
  • Controls endocrine system
57
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Autonomic reflex center
  • Hypothalamus relays instructions via medulla
  • Cardiovascular center
  • Cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
  • Vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation
  • Respiratory centers
  • Generate respiratory rhythm
  • Control rate and depth of breathing (with pontine centers)
58
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Autonomic reflex center
  • Hypothalamus relays instructions via medulla
  • Cardiovascular center
  • Cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
  • Vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation
  • Respiratory centers
  • Generate respiratory rhythm
  • Control rate and depth of breathing (with pontine centers)
59
Q

Cerebellum

A

Role in thinking, language, and emotion

60
Q

Cerebellum

A

Role in thinking, language, and emotion

61
Q

Limbic System

A

Mediates emotional response and involved in memory processing
recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits fear response
Puts emotional responses to odors

62
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

63
Q

Epilepsy

A

Tonic-clonic (formerly grand mal) seizures
Most severe; last few minutes
Victim loses consciousness, bones broken during intense convulsions, loss of bowel and bladder control, and severe biting of tongue

64
Q

Sleep Disorders

A

-Narcolepsy
>Abrupt lapse into sleep (REM) from awake state
>Often have cataplexy
>Fully awake but undergo sudden loss of >voluntary muscle control
-Orexins (“wake-up” chemicals from hypothalamus) thought to be destroyed by immune system
>Key to possible treatment

65
Q

Short-term memory

A

temporary holding of information; limited to seven or eight pieces of information

66
Q

Long-term memory

A

limitless capacity

67
Q

Declarative memory

A

Explicit information: faces, names, words, dates

68
Q

Nondeclarative Memory

A

Acquired through experience and repetition

Remembered by doing, hard to unlearn

69
Q

Concussion

A

temporary alteration in function

70
Q

Contusion

A

Contusion

71
Q

Subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

may force brain stem through foramen magnum, resulting in death

72
Q

Cerebral edema

A

swelling of brain associated with traumatic head injury

73
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons
  • Basal nuclei deprived of dopamine become overactive  tremors at rest
  • Cause unknown
  • Treatment with L-dopa; deep brain stimulation; gene therapy; research into stem cell transplants promising
74
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons
  • Basal nuclei deprived of dopamine become overactive  tremors at rest
  • Cause unknown
  • Treatment with L-dopa; deep brain stimulation; gene therapy; research into stem cell transplants promising
75
Q

Epidural space

A

Cushion of fat and network of veins in space between vertebrae and spinal dura mater

A&P Final (6 decks)

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