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A&P > A&P Final > Flashcards

A&P Final Flashcards

1
Q

Between the nervous and endocrine system what one is known for fast communication?

A

Nervous

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2
Q

What system has long lasting effects?

A

Endocrine

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3
Q

In the endocrine system how do messengers move?

A

Through blood and/or interstitial fluid

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4
Q

The impulses of the nervous system are conducted along what structure?

A

Axons

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5
Q

The nervous system uses chemical compounds to send signals and communicate. What are they called?

A

Neurotransmitters

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6
Q

What part of the endocrine system usually works in a cascade effect?

A

Hormones

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7
Q

Name the two different classes of glands.

A

Exocrine and Endocrine

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8
Q

What type of glands secretes material through ducts onto the surfaces both internal and external?

A

Exocrine

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9
Q

List some names/types of exocrine glands

A

sweat, oil, mucous, salivary, pancreas, live, etc

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10
Q

What gland type can perform multiple functions?

A

Endocrine

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11
Q

The pituitary, thyroid, hypothalamus, gonads, pancreas, liver, and adipocytes are what type of gland?

A

Endocrine

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12
Q

What gland type secretes directly into IF

A

Endocrine

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13
Q

Pineal and parathyroid are what type of gland?

A

Endocrine

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14
Q

What happens during down-regulation of hormones?

A

When too much hormone is present, receptors are destroyed. Controls how much hormone gets into the cell.

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15
Q

When too little hormone is present, and more receptors are made this is an example of what type of regulation?

A

Up regulation

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16
Q

What is the term for the driving force of hormone action and what does it mean?

A

Specificity - hormones only bind to target cells that have the specific protein receptor for that hormone.
- Lock and key mechanism

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17
Q

T or F

Receptors are very rarely being broken down and remade be the cell.

A

False - constantly!

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18
Q

There are two main categories of hormones. What are they?

A

Local hormones

Circulating hormones

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19
Q

An aka for circulating hormones is

A

Endocrine

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20
Q

How do circulating hormones work?

A

Secreted in the IF
Picked up by the blood and circulated throughout the body.
Travel far away from secretory cell.

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21
Q

What cells can circulating hormones act on?

A

Any cell along the way that has a receptor for it.

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22
Q

What are the two types of Local hormones?

A

Paracrine - acts on neighbouring cells

Autocrine - acts on secretory cell

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23
Q

Hormones can either be ______ soluble or _______ soluble.

A

Lipid or Water

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24
Q

What are lipid soluble hormones bound to for transport?

A

Transport protein

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25
Q

Can lipid soluble hormones diffuse through the cell membrane and why?

A

Yes because cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer.

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26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of a lipid soluble hormone?

A

Enters target cell and goes to nucleus

Alters gene expression causing new protein synthesis thus alters cell activity

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27
Q

How does water soluble hormones circulate in the blood?

A

Without a transport protein

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28
Q

Describe the mechanism of the messenger systems of water-soluble hormones

A

1st messenger binds to receptor on plasma membrane which activates second messenger (cAMP) cascade inside the cell.
2nd messenger activates enzymes to produce physiological response.

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29
Q

The responsiveness of a target cell depends on what factors?

A
  1. Hormone concentration
  2. Abundance of receptors
  3. Influence of other hormones
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30
Q

Describe what triggers hormone secretions

A

Signals from nervous system
Chemical changes in the blood
Presence of other hormones

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31
Q

Most hormones operate by what kind of feedback loop?

A

Negative

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32
Q

List the primary organs of the endocrine system

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid 
Parathyroid
Adrenals 
Pancreas
Gonads
Pinal
Thymus
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33
Q

What organs are responsible for the secretion of estrogen and testosterone

A

Gonads - Ovary and Testis

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34
Q

What gland secretes Calcitonin?

A

Thyroid

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35
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrin are secreted by what gland?

A

Adrenal

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36
Q

List the secondary endocrine organs

A

Stomach, small intestine, kidneys, heart, liver, placenta, adipose tissue.

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37
Q

What hormone is associated with the placenta?

A

hCG

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38
Q

Leptin is associated with what secondary endocrine organ?

A

Adipose tissue

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39
Q

Calcitriol and erythropoietin are secreted by what organ?

A

Kidneys

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40
Q

What are the three main functions of blood?

A

Transport
Homeostasis: pH, body temperature, ion concentration
Protection: clotting, WBC, blood proteins

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41
Q

What is the pH range of blood?

A

7.35-7.45 slightly alkaline

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42
Q

Blood makes up what percent of total body mass?

A

8%

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43
Q

The average volume of blood in an adult is how many L?

A

5L

males: 5-6L
females: 4-5L

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44
Q

Plasma makes up what percentage of blood?

A

55%

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45
Q

The buffy white coat is composed of what blood elements?

A

Leukocytes & platelets

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46
Q

What blood elements represents 45% of total blood?

A

Formed elements - 99% of which are Erythrocytes

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47
Q

91.5% of plasma is ________

A

water

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48
Q

List three different types of plasma proteins

A
  1. Albumins - smallest and most numerous
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogens
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49
Q

What percent of the plasma solutes are proteins?

A

7%

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50
Q

The blood protein responsible for transport of proteins is?

A

Albumins

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51
Q

What is the function of Globulins in blood?

A

Part of antibodies

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52
Q

The protein that has a role in clotting is?

A

Fibrinogen

53
Q

How many days do RBC live?

A

120

54
Q

What does hematocrit mean?

A

% of blood volume that is RBC

55
Q

What is the hematocrit % for females? Males?

A

38-45% for females

40-54% for males

56
Q

The name of the condition where you have too many RBC is called?

A

Polycythemia

57
Q

What is anemia?

A

Too few RBC or a Hb problem

58
Q

Hb means?

A

Hemoglobin

59
Q

Certain components of the glycocalyx of blood have what name?

A

Antigens

60
Q

T or F

Antibody production means the antigen is foreign

A

True

61
Q

Does every antigen have an antibody?

A

Yes

62
Q

If you are blood type A what kind of antigen will you have? What type of antibody will your produce? What type of blood will your accept?

A

Antigen: A
Antibody: Anti-B
Accepts: A & O

63
Q

AB blood type has what antigen, antibody, and accepts what type of blood?

A

Antigen: A & B
Antibody: None
Accepts: A, B, AB, O

64
Q

What blood type is the universal acceptor?

A

AB

65
Q

The blood type that has B antigens, makes anti-A antibodies, and accepts B & O blood is?

A

B

66
Q

What blood type is the universal donor?

A

O

67
Q

What types of blood can O accept?

A

Only O

68
Q

What type of antigen, and antibody does O have?

A

Antigen: non
Antibody: A & B

69
Q

When are Rh antibodies made?

A

When you encounter foreign blood

70
Q

T or F

AB antibodies are present at birth

A

True

71
Q

Why is it called the Rh system?

A

First discovered/developed with Rhesis Monkeys

72
Q

A Rh + person will have what type of antigen and antibody?

A

Antigen: +
Antibody: none

73
Q

Rh - person will have what they of antigen and antibody?

A

Antigen: None
Antibody: Anti-D or anti +

74
Q

Rh + will accept what type of blood?

A

+ & -

75
Q

What will Rh - accept?

A

-

76
Q

What is the name of the disorder when the mom and baby have different Rh blood types?

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

77
Q

Your heart is roughly the size of what else on your body?

A

Your fist

78
Q

On approx what day of development did your heart start beating?

A

Day 25

79
Q

What are the three layers of the blood vessels?

A
  1. Tunica interna or intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa or adventitia
80
Q

All three layers of blood vessels contain what type of fivers?

A

Elastic

81
Q

The tunica interna is primarily composed of what type of tissue?

A

Endothelium

82
Q

What layer is composed mostly of smooth muscle?

A

Tunica media

83
Q

The connective tissue layer of blood vessels is…

A

Tunica externa

84
Q

What type of blood vessel controls the pressure into the capillaries?

A

Arterioles

85
Q

The blood vessels that resist the pressure from the heart’s pulse are called?

A

Arteries

86
Q

Where do we see a drop in pressure in the blood vessel system?

A

Capillaries

87
Q

As veins enlarge approaching the heart what happens to the pressure?

A

Drops to almost zero.

88
Q

Where is the pressure the highest?

A

Aorta, and arteries close to the heart

89
Q

What is a major helper to the valves in veins in returning blood to the heart?

A

The action of skeletal muscles.

90
Q

The changes in pressure with breathing and the diaphragm will assist blood vessels how?

A

By helping to return blood to the heart to overcome gravity.

91
Q

What are the major three factors affecting resistance in blood vessels?

A

Vessel Diameter
Vessel Length
Blood viscosity

92
Q

A smaller vessel diameter will result in…

A

Increased resistance and increased blood pressure

93
Q

How will the length of a vessel increase the resistance and blood pressure?

A

Longer the length greater the resistance and pressure

94
Q

Will thick blood increase or decrease resistance and pressure?

A

Increase

95
Q

How is high blood pressure related to obesity?

A

Obesity causes more pressure to be placed on vessels so they have to work harder to move the blood. Also - with the increase in fat, the body has to make more vessels to supply the fat tissue with blood, thereby increasing the vessel lengths and pressure.

96
Q

Another name for the left lymphatic duct is?

A

Thoracic

97
Q

Where does the Thoracic duct begin?

A

The Cisterna Chyli

98
Q

Where does the Thoracic duct empty its contents?

A

Into left subclavian vein

99
Q

How much of the body is drained by the Thoracic lymph duct?

A

3/4

100
Q

What lymphatic duct empties into the right subclavian vein?

A

Right Lymphatic duct

101
Q

What takes place in primary lymphatic tissues and organs?

A

Stem cells divide and become immunocompetent

102
Q

Name two primary lymph tissues/organs.

A

Red bone marrow - B cells

Thymus - T cells

103
Q

The lymphatic tissue/organs where immune responses occur is what type?

A

Secondary

104
Q

Lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules are an example of what class of lymph organs/tissues?

A

Secondary

105
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosal associated lymphatic tissue

106
Q

Where do we typically see MALT in the body?

A

Where the body is in contact with the outside world.

107
Q

Innate immunity is what type of resistance?

A

Nonspecific

108
Q

When do we develop innate immunity?

A

Present at birth

109
Q

Does innate immunity have memory?

A

No

110
Q

What are the two types of first line of defence in the body?

A

Mechanical and Chemical

111
Q

List some areas of mechanical defence means in the body.

A

Skin, mucus, hair, cilia, urination, defecation, emmitting

112
Q

Gastric juices, vaginal secretions, semen, and lysozyme are examples of what type of first line defence mechanisms?

A

Chemical

113
Q

Where do we see both mechanical and chemical defence mechanisms?

A

Sebum, perspiration, tears, saliva, urine.

114
Q

What are the second line of defence mechanisms in the body?

A

Antimicrobial proteins, Natural killer cells, non lymphoid WBC, inflammation, fever.

115
Q

Specific resistance is what type of immunity?

A

Acquired

116
Q

When do we develop acquired immunity?

A

From contact with a particular agent.

117
Q

Is acquired immunity faster or slower than innate immunity?

A

Slower

118
Q

T or F

Acquired immunity does not have memory

A

False

119
Q

What type of competency does acquired immunity need to work effectively?

A

Immunocompetency

120
Q

B cells carry out what type of immune response?

A

Antibody-mediated

121
Q

Cell-mediated immune responses are carried out by what type of cells?

A

T Cells

122
Q

Lymphoid WBC’s can carry out what two types of immune responses?

A

Antibody mediated

Cell mediated

123
Q

The alimentary tract can also be called?

A

Gastro-intestinal or GI tract

124
Q

Where does the GI tract start and end?

A

Mouth to anus

125
Q

How long is the GI tract?

A

20-30 ft

126
Q

When would an organ be called an accessory organ in relation to the digestive system?

A

Either dos not touch the food or is unnecessary for digestion.

127
Q

How do accessory organs assist in digestion?

A

Through chemical secretions or mechanical means.

128
Q

Give examples of some accessory digestive organs

A

Pancreas, tongue, teeth

A&P (1 decks)

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