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A&P > A&P Final > Flashcards

A&P Final Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another is called ________.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

What is a physiological study?

A

The study of life, specifically, how cells, tissues, and organisms function.

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3
Q

What is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc?

A

Receptors→sensory neuron→spinal cord→motor neuron→muscles.

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4
Q

Which element of a control system detects a change?

A

Sensors

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5
Q

What is the correct order of elements in a control system? (6)

A

Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector.

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6
Q

Rick quickly pulled his hand away from the hot stove. This reflex is best known as a(n) ____________

A

withdrawal/involuntary reflex

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7
Q

Positive feedback systems do what?

A

Intensify a response until an endpoint is reached.

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8
Q

When correctly situated in an anatomical position, where are your feet in relation to your knees?

A

Distal to the knees

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9
Q

The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called ________________

A

a neurotransmitter

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10
Q

Which orientation and directional term means toward the midline of the body?

A

Medial

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11
Q

Jerome plays football and recently broke a bone in the tarsal region. This region is in the ________

A

Foot

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12
Q

What is the relationship between the patellar and popliteal regions?

A

The patellar region is anterior (in front of) to the popliteal region of the knee.

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13
Q

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed __________

A

Synaptic cleft

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14
Q

Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon’s membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?

A

Calcium ions

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15
Q

Neurons either conduct action potentials along the length of their axons, or they remain at rest?

A

Nerve impulses

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16
Q

Nerve impulse transmissions occurring along myelinated neurons are called ______

A

Saltatory conduction

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17
Q

An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell?

A

Sodium ions

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18
Q

Which region is associated with the lower limb? (7)

A

The gluteal, hip, femoral, knee, leg, talocrural, and foot regions.

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19
Q

Which region is NOT associated with the ventral (anterior) portion of the head?

A

Occipital region.

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20
Q

Which type of section could be used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Transverse section

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21
Q

Which cavity houses the mediastinum?

A

Thoracic cavity

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22
Q

Which set of regions in the abdominopelvic cavity is medial? (3)

A

Hypogastric, umbilical, epigastric.

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23
Q

The thoracic cavity is __________ to the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

Superior

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24
Q

A tissue constructed of a single layer of flattened cells is known as _________________

A

simple squamous epithelium

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25
Q

Which type of tissue conducts electrochemical impulses?

A

Nervous tissue

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26
Q

Which Tissues are classified as connective tissue? (7)

A

Loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, dense fibrous connective tissue, elastic connective tissue, cartilage, osseous tissue (bone), and blood.

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27
Q

Which type of tissue is situated in the lining of the urinary bladder and urethra where stretching occurs?

A

Transitional epithelium.

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28
Q

The tissue that is usually well vascularized and has an extensive extracellular matrix is called ____________

A

Epithelial tissue.

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29
Q

Which type of epithelial tissues are composed of many layers of cells?

A

Stratified epithelium.

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30
Q

Bone is best described as (2)

A

hard, dense connective tissue.

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31
Q

Identify the type of connective tissue that is found in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow.

A

Reticular connective tissues.

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32
Q

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as _____________

A

endocrine glands.

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue? (4)

A

striated, branched, contain many mitochondria, and are under involuntary control.

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34
Q

The type of muscle found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, and in the walls of blood vessels is ____________

A

Smooth muscle fibers.

35
Q

The presence of chondrocytes indicates that a tissue is ______________

A

cartilage tissue.

36
Q

Damaged tissues that are repaired by the same kind of cells experience a replacement process known as ______________

A

Regeneration

37
Q

Intercalated discs found in cardiac muscle tissue are _____________________

A

part of the cardiac muscle sarcolemma.

38
Q

Which type of connective tissue is avascular?

A

Cartilage

39
Q

Which membrane is constructed of a visceral and parietal layer?

A

Serous membranes

40
Q

The deepest layer of the serous membrane covering the outer surface of the heart is the ____________

A

Visceral layer

41
Q

Synovial fluid reduces friction ___________

A

between the bones of the joint.

42
Q

The only dry membrane is the

A

Cutaneous membrane

43
Q

The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called ______________

A

Dendrites

44
Q

Ganglia are collections of ___________

A

nerve cell bodies.

45
Q

Neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons (association neurons), are structurally classified as __________

A

Multipolar neurons

46
Q

Where are mucous membranes found?

A

The moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, lungs, and stomach).

47
Q

Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid?

A

Potassium ions.

48
Q

Although you get wet while swimming, a tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge. This substance is _________

A

Keratin

49
Q

The two main layers of skin are ____________________

A

The epidermis and the dermis

50
Q

A needle pierces through the epidermal layers of the palm in the following order: (4)

A

Stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum basale.

51
Q

The “tanning” effect (darkening of the skin) that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is due to ____________

A

increased production of melanin.

52
Q

The layer of the epidermis in which cells die because of their inability to get nutrients and oxygen is the clear layer called ____________

A

stratum granulosum.

53
Q

People who produce a lot of melanin have a skin tone that is ___________

A

Dark-skinned

54
Q

A splinter penetrates to the deepest layer of the epidermis on your foot. This layer is the ____________

A

stratum basale.

55
Q

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ____________

A

diffusion from the underlying blood vessels.

56
Q

Fingerprints and footprints in the epidermis are created by dermal papillae present in the _________

A

papillary layer of the dermis.

57
Q

Which vitamin is synthesized by the skin?

A

Vitamin D

58
Q

Nails are composed of

A

Keratin

59
Q

During the resting state, a neuron is ___________

A

negatively charged

60
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

In the bone marrow

61
Q

The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as ____________

A

Long bones

62
Q

What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints?

A

Articular Cartilage

63
Q

In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to ______________

A

store adipose tissue (fat).

64
Q

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that _____________

A

A person is still growing

65
Q

Each complex of central canal and matrix rings in compact bone is known as __________

A

Osteon

66
Q

Which structure is ONLY found associated with a child’s bone?

A

Epiphyseal Plate

67
Q

Which bone markings are projections that serve as a site for muscle or ligament attachment?

A

Epicondyle

68
Q

Which bones are considered part of the axial skeleton? (5)

A

The bones in your skull, ossicles (small bones) of your middle ear, hyoid bone of your neck, vertebra (bones of your spine), and thoracic cage (ribcage).

69
Q

The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called ________

A

Lacuna

70
Q

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

71
Q

What type of bone cell is primarily active when bone growth occurs?

A

Osteoblast

72
Q

The axial skeleton contains
1. skull
2. scapula
3. true and false ribs
4. vertebrae
5. phalanges

A

The skull, true and false ribs, and vertebrae

73
Q

The suture situated anteriorly between the parietal bones and occipital bone is the ________________

A

Lambdoid suture

74
Q

Which bones are associated with the hand? (3)

A

Phalanges, Metacarpal bones, Carpal Bones.

75
Q

The hyoid bone is unique because it _______________________

A

is the only “floating” bone in your body.

76
Q

What feature is uniquely associated with cervical vertebrae?

A

Presence of one foramen in each transverse process.

77
Q

Endomysium covers _____________

A

Muscle fibers

78
Q

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell is called the ______________

A

Sacrolemma

79
Q

The term central nervous system refers to the ________________________

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

80
Q

A sarcomere is __________________

A

the basic contractile unit of a myocyte (muscle fiber).

81
Q

Which one of the following is composed of myosin protein?

A

Thick filaments

82
Q

Cross bridges are created when myosin heads bind to _____________

A

Actin filaments

83
Q

A motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates are termed a _____________

A

Motor unit

84
Q

Acetylcholine is __________________

A

A neurotransmitter

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