A&P Final Flashcards
What is eustress?
Moderate physiological stress that can be beneficial and acute
What is distress?
Extreme physiological stress that can be harmful and chronic
What is General Adaptations Syndrome (GAS)?
A theory that describes the physiological changes the body experiences when under stress
What is stress?
A situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one’s physical or emotional well-being
Target for nervous system
Organs and glands
Bullet for nervous system
Impulses over neurons
Rate for nervous system
Fast
Duration for nervous system
Short
Target for endocrine system
Cells and tissue
Bullet for endocrine system
Hormones in bloodstream
Rate for endocrine system
Slow
Duration for endocrine system
Long
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers that bring about a physiological change of specific cells and tissues
Ways that hormones are classified:
- where they operate
- chemistry
- solubility
Circulating hormones
move a long distance to target cell
Local hormones
effect area where hormone is released
what is an autocrine?
a form of signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or a chemical substance that binds to the receptors on the same cell
what is a paracrine?
a form of signaling that signals the functional status of neighboring islet cells and modify a cell’s activity to coordinate its hormone secretion
What does the hypothalamus do?
controls other glands
Posterior pituitary gland
produced by the downward growth of embryonic hypothalamic tissue
Oxytocin (9 amino acids)
- positive feedback
- uterine contractions
- milk ejection
- cuddle hormone
Antidiuretic hormone (9 amino acids)
- inhibits water secretion in kidney tubules
Anterior pituitary gland
the “master gland” that produces these hormones:
- human growth hormone (HGH)
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- prolactin
What does HGH do?
stimulates body growth of most cells
- used to produce insulin-like growth factors
What does TSH do?
stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid gland
- T3: tri-iodothyronine
- T4: tetra-iodothyronine (thyroxine)
What does adrenocorticotropic hormone do?
- increases protein breakdown
- increases gluconeogenesis to produce sugar from non-carbs
- increases blood vessel sensitivity
- triggers inflammation
- dampens the immune response
What does prolactin do?
stimulates the production of milk in humans
Epinephrine
- palpitations
- tachycardia
- white face
- affect sphincters
- sweaty palms
- dilate muscles
Norepinephrine
- increase heart rate
- release glucose
- increase blood flow to muscles
What are the zones of the adrenal cortex?
- adrenal capsule
- zone of glomeriosis
- zone of fasiculata
- zone of reticularis
what is the adrenal capsule?
dense irregular connective tissue around the whole gland
what is the zone of glomeriosis?
- cells organized into little balls
- secrete mineralcorticoids
what is the zone of fasiculata?
- cells grouped into small bundles
- hormones that affect carbohydrates
what is the zone of reticularis
- smallest zone (innermost)
- secretes gonadocorticoieds (hormones that affect resproduction)
