A&P Final

Question 1

What is eustress?

Answer 1

Moderate physiological stress that can be beneficial and acute

Question 2

What is distress?

Answer 2

Extreme physiological stress that can be harmful and chronic

Question 3

What is General Adaptations Syndrome (GAS)?

Answer 3

A theory that describes the physiological changes the body experiences when under stress

Question 4

What is stress?

Answer 4

A situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one’s physical or emotional well-being

Question 5

Target for nervous system

Answer 5

Organs and glands

Question 6

Bullet for nervous system

Answer 6

Impulses over neurons

Question 7

Rate for nervous system

Answer 7

Fast

Question 8

Duration for nervous system

Answer 8

Short

Question 9

Target for endocrine system

Answer 9

Cells and tissue

Question 10

Bullet for endocrine system

Answer 10

Hormones in bloodstream

Question 11

Rate for endocrine system

Answer 11

Slow

Question 12

Duration for endocrine system

Answer 12

Long

Question 13

What are hormones?

Answer 13

Chemical messengers that bring about a physiological change of specific cells and tissues

Question 14

Ways that hormones are classified:

Answer 14

1. where they operate
2. chemistry
3. solubility

Question 15

Circulating hormones

Answer 15

move a long distance to target cell

Question 16

Local hormones

Answer 16

effect area where hormone is released

Question 17

what is an autocrine?

Answer 17

a form of signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or a chemical substance that binds to the receptors on the same cell

Question 18

what is a paracrine?

Answer 18

a form of signaling that signals the functional status of neighboring islet cells and modify a cell’s activity to coordinate its hormone secretion

Question 19

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 19

controls other glands

Question 20

Posterior pituitary gland

Answer 20

produced by the downward growth of embryonic hypothalamic tissue

Question 21

Oxytocin (9 amino acids)

Answer 21

• positive feedback
• uterine contractions
• milk ejection
• cuddle hormone

Question 22

Antidiuretic hormone (9 amino acids)

Answer 22

• inhibits water secretion in kidney tubules

Question 23

Anterior pituitary gland

Answer 23

the “master gland” that produces these hormones:
- human growth hormone (HGH)
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- prolactin

Question 24

What does HGH do?

Answer 24

stimulates body growth of most cells
- used to produce insulin-like growth factors

Question 25

What does TSH do?

Answer 25

stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid gland
- T3: tri-iodothyronine
- T4: tetra-iodothyronine (thyroxine)

Question 26

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

Answer 26

• increases protein breakdown
• increases gluconeogenesis to produce sugar from non-carbs
• increases blood vessel sensitivity
• triggers inflammation
• dampens the immune response

Question 27

What does prolactin do?

Answer 27

stimulates the production of milk in humans

Question 28

Epinephrine

Answer 28

• palpitations
• tachycardia
• white face
• affect sphincters
• sweaty palms
• dilate muscles

Question 29

Norepinephrine

Answer 29

• increase heart rate
• release glucose
• increase blood flow to muscles

Question 30

What are the zones of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 30

• adrenal capsule
• zone of glomeriosis
• zone of fasiculata
• zone of reticularis

Question 31

what is the adrenal capsule?

Answer 31

dense irregular connective tissue around the whole gland

Question 32

what is the zone of glomeriosis?

Answer 32

• cells organized into little balls
• secrete mineralcorticoids

Question 33

what is the zone of fasiculata?

Answer 33

• cells grouped into small bundles
• hormones that affect carbohydrates

Question 34

what is the zone of reticularis

Answer 34

• smallest zone (innermost)
• secretes gonadocorticoieds (hormones that affect resproduction)