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Anatomy & Physiology EXAM 3 > A&P Exam 3 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Articulation

A

where two bones connect to allow for body movements

  • bone & teeth
  • bone & cartilage
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2
Q

Joint Classification

A
  1. Functional (based on ROM of joint)

2. Structural (relies on anatomical organization of joint)

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3
Q

Joint Structure

A

Determines direction & distance of movement (ROM)

Joint stability decreases as joint mobility increases

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4
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Functional Classification
immovable, VERY STRONG
edges of bones may touch

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5
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Functional Classification
slightly movable
EX:

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6
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Functional Classification
freely movable
EX: ALL SYNOVIAL JOINTS

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7
Q

Examples of Synarthrosis Joints

A
  1. Suture -bound by dense connective tissue
  2. Gomphosis -fibrous connection
    Binds teeth to socket
  3. Synchondrosis -ridgid cartilaginous bridge between two bones
    EX: epiphyseal plate, ribs & sternum
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8
Q

Examples of Amphiarthrosis Joints

A
  1. Syndesmosis -bones connected by ligaments
    EX: distal tibiofibular joint ligament
  2. Symphysis -bones seperated by fibrous cartilage
    EX: pubic symphysis & intervertebral disks
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9
Q

Syndesmosis

A

High ankle sprain

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10
Q

Examples of Diarthrosis Joints

A

MOST COMMON JOINT IN THE BODY
surrounded by fibrous articular capsule
lined with synovial membrane

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11
Q

Components of Synovial Joints

A
  1. Articular Cartilages (hyaline cartilage without perichondrium)
  2. Synovial Fluid
  3. Accessory Structures
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12
Q

Articular Cartilages (hyaline minus perichondrium)

A

Avascular
smooth surface with minimal friction
articular surface of bone
damage=loss of smooth surface & replacement of rough collagen fibers (osteoarthritis)

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13
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

oily, viscous
prevents articular cartilage from touching
lubrication
nutrient distribution when joints move (waste absorbed through areolar tissue)
NO BLOOD!

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14
Q

Accessory Structure

A

cartilages -fibrous pad/articular disk
fat pads -localized masses of adipose tissue
ligaments -support & stabalize
tendons -limit ROM, dense regular connective tissue
bursae -reduce friction

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15
Q

Bursae

A

pockets of synovial fluid in thin connective tissue

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16
Q

Factors that stabalize

A

collagen fibers of joint capsule & ligaments that cross it
shape of articulating surfaces
tensionin tendons

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17
Q

Fat Pads

A

high amounts of sensory nerves

superficial to joint capsule

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18
Q

Types of dynamic motion

A

Linear (Gliding)

Angular

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19
Q

Linear Motion

A

movement of a bone parallel to plane of adjoining bone
all parts of bone move the same distance
NO ROTATION
EX: carpals, tarsals, scapular joint

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20
Q

Angular Motion

A

movement of a bone around a fixed point
EX: flexion & extension
goniometer

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21
Q

Gliding Joint (Plane joint)

A

Intercarpal

nonaxial

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22
Q

Hinge Joint

A

angular motion in a single plane
uniaxial
elbow, knee, DIP PIP

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23
Q

Pivot Joint

A

rotaion
uniaxial
EX: radioulnar (allows for supination & pronation)
Atlantoaxial

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24
Q

Ellipsoid Joint (Condylar)

A

oval articular face within a depression
biaxial
EX; MCP

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25
Q

Saddle Joint

A

two concave, straddled joints

CMC (thumb)

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26
Q

Ball & Socket Joint

A

convex head and a concave surface
multiaxial joint
EX: hip - glenohumeral joint

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27
Q

Intervertebral Articulations

A

Synovial Joints

C2 to L5 spinal vertebral articulate

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28
Q

Facet Joints

A

Inferior and Superior articular processes

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29
Q

Symphysis

A

Between adjacent vertebral bodies

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30
Q

Intervertebral Disks

A

pads of fibrous cartilage
seperate vertebral bodies
anulus fubrosis
nucleus pulposis

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31
Q

Anulus Fibrosis

A

contains sensory nerves
tough outer layer
attaches disk to vertebrae

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32
Q

Nucleus Pulposis

A

elastic, gelatinous core
Absorbs shock
ACIDIC to nerves

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33
Q

Intervertebral Ligaments

A

bind vertebrae together & stabalize vertebral column

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament-connects anterior bodies

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament -connects posterior bodies
close to spinal cord

Ligamentum Flavum -connects lamina

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34
Q

Shoulder Joint

A

Glenohumeral Joint
LEAST stable
skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, capsule

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35
Q

Socket of Shoulder Joint

A

Glenoid Labrum
deepens socket of glenoid cavity
fibrocartilage lining

SLAP lesion - overhead
BANKART - shoulder dislocation

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36
Q

Ligaments of Shoulder Joint

A

Glenohumeral
Coracoacromial
Coracoclavicular
Acromioclavicular -shoulder spereation

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37
Q

Muscles of Shoulder Joint

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

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38
Q

Bursae of Shoulder Joint

A

Subdeltoid -deep to deltoid muscle

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39
Q

Elbow Joint

A

stable hinge joint
thick capsule
strong ligaments
articulates with humerus, ulna, radius

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40
Q

Humeroulnar Joint

A

trachlea (hum) with the ulna

-flexion & extension

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41
Q

Humeroradial Joint

A

capitulum of humerus with head of radius

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42
Q

Supporting Structures of Elbow Joint

A

Biceps
LCL
Annular Ligament (wraps around head of radius)
MCL

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43
Q

Nursemaid’s Elbow

A

swinging around child

radius pops out of elbow

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44
Q

Hip Joint

A

Stable, ball & socket joint

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45
Q

Stuctures of Hip Joint

A

Head of Femur & Acetabulum

Acetabular Labrum

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46
Q

Ligaments of Hip Joint

A

Iliofemoral Ligament
-prevents hyperextension of the hip
(polio gate)

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47
Q

Knee Joint

A

complicated hinge joint

trandfers weight between femur and tibia

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48
Q

Articulations of Knee Joint

A 
Tibiofemoral Joint (Knee)
Patellofemoral Joint
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49
Q

Menisci of Knee Joint

A

Medial & Lateral-
Fibrocartiliginous pads
cushion & stabalize joint

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50
Q

Ligaments of Knee Joint

A 
Patellar
ACL
PCL
MCL
LCL
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51
Q

Injuries

A

Sprain -partial or complete tear of fibers of a ligament

Strain -partial or complete tearing of fibers of a muscle

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52
Q

Herniated Disk

A

portion of the disk bulges through annulus fibrosis

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53
Q

Bursitis

A

inflammation of bursae

54
Q

Tedonitis

A

inflammation of tendon

55
Q

Labral Tear

A

tear of the glenoid labrum or the acetabular labrun from bone

56
Q

Meniscal Tear

A

tear of the meniscus in the knee

57
Q

Herniated Disk Surgery

A
  1. muscle weakness
  2. sensory changes - numb, tingling
  3. loss of bowel/bladder

**NOT PAIN

58
Q

Fascicle Arrangement

A
  1. Parallel
  2. Convergent
  3. Pennate
  4. Circular / Sphincter
59
Q

Parallel Muscle

A

Fascicles parallel to long axis of the body
Advan: large ROM
Dis: not as strong as pennate
EX: Biceps Brachii

60
Q

Convergent Muscle

A

Fascicles extending over a broad range converge on a single attachment site
Advan: versitile -stimulation of different portions can change direction of pull
EX: Pectoralis Major

61
Q

Pennate Muscle

A

Fascicles form an angle with the central tendon that runs through the muscle
Advan: smaller ROM, but increased strength compared to parallel
EX: unipennate = intrinsic of the hand
bipennate = rectus femoris
multipennate = deltoid

62
Q

Circular Muscle of Sphincter

A

Fascicles are concentrically arranged around an opening
when muscles contract, the diameter of opening decreases
EX: orbicularis oris

63
Q

Origin

A

end of muscle that is fixed

proximal

64
Q

Insertion

A

the end of muscle that is movable

distal

65
Q

Action

A

Movement a muscle produces when it contracts
DESCRIBED: bone that is moved
joint

66
Q

Agonist / Prime mover

A

a muscle responsible for a specific movement

67
Q

Antagonist

A

a muscle that opposes the movement of an antagonist

68
Q

Synergist

A

a muscle that assists a prime moverin performing its primary function

69
Q

ELBOW FLEXION
Agonist
Antagonist
Synergist

A

Agonist -Biceps & Brachialis
Antagonist -Triceps
Synergist -flexors of the wrist

70
Q

General Functions of Nervous System

A
  1. collect information by recptors from changes in environment called stimuli
  2. process and evaluate info
  3. initiate response to info (muscle contraction or gland secretion)
71
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Spinal Cord & Brain

Neural tissue, connective tissues, blood vessels

72
Q

Functions of PNS

A

deliver sensory outside of CNS

carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems

73
Q

Functions of CNS

A

sensory data: from inside and outside of body
motor commands: control activities of peripheral organs (skeletal muscle)
higher functions of brain: intelligence, memory, learning, emotion

74
Q

Sensory nervous system

A

Afferent NS

responsible for recieving information from receptors that detect stimuli and transmit info to CNS

75
Q

Recptors

A

Detect changes or respond to stimulus

-complex sensory organs: ears, eyes, nose

76
Q

Somatic Sensory

A

(Body)
detect stimuli that we consciously perceive
eyes, ears, skin

77
Q

Visceral

A

organ
detect stimuli we do not consciously perceive
receptors located in BV, internal organs–chemical/ph/pressure change

78
Q

Motor Nervous System

A

Efferent NS
responsible for initiating or transmitting motor output from CNS to effectors
controls muscle tissue and glands

79
Q

Somatic Motor

A

effector is stimulated by conscious control

EX: voluntary skeletal muscle

80
Q

Autonomic Motor

A

innervates and regulates without conscious control
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

  1. sympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
81
Q

Sympathetic Division of Autonomic

A

has a stimulating effect

Fight or Flight

82
Q

Parasympathetic Division of Autonomic

A

has a reflecing effect

breath, rest, digest

83
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

all neural tissue outside the CNS

-spinal nerves, peripheral nerves, cranial nerves

84
Q

Neurons

A
  1. Excitability
  2. Conductivity
  3. Secretion
  4. Extreme longevity
  5. Amitotic
85
Q

Neurons

A

basic functional unit of the nervous system

86
Q

Cell Body (Soma)

A

conduct electrical signal to axon from dendrites or initiated in cell body
large nucleus & nucleolus
Perikaryon -cytoplasm
RER & Ribosomes produce neurotransmitters
cytoskeleton
nissle bodies

87
Q

Nissle Bodies

A

dense areas of RER and ribosomes

make neural tissue appear gray (gray matter)

88
Q

Dendrites

A

highly branched

receive info from other neurons & transmit to cell body

89
Q

Axon (nerve fiber)

A

typically long

carries electrical signals (action potential) to target

90
Q

Axon Hillock

A

triangular section of cell body

91
Q

Axon Collaterals

A

few side branches

92
Q

Telodendria

A

fine extensions of distal axons

93
Q

Synaptic Knobs

A

extreme tips of telodendria containing synaptic vesicles

94
Q

Neuron Transprot

A

substances are moved in both directions of neuron

FAST= ATP; ex: vesicles, organelles, waste
moves along neurotubules
SLOW= enzymes, new axoplasm
moves along axoplasm

95
Q

Presynaptic Cell

A

neuron that sends message

96
Q

Postsynaptic Cell

A

cell that receivs message

97
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

small gap that seperates the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane

98
Q

Synaptic Knob

A

expanded area of axon of presynaptic neuron

99
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers (ACh, dopamine)
released at presynaptic cleft
affect receptors of post synaptic membrane
broken fown by enzymes and reassembeled at synaptic knob

100
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

synapse between neuron and muscle

101
Q

Neuroglandular Junction

A

synapse between neuron and gland

102
Q

Unipolar Neurons (Structural)

A

found in sensory neurons of PNS
very long axons
fused dendrites and axon

103
Q

Multipolar Neurons (Structural)

A

common in CNS
ALL skeletal muscle motor neurons in PNS
long axons and multiple dendrites

104
Q

Sensory Neurons (Functional)

A

afferent neurons of PNS

105
Q

Motor Neurons (Functional)

A

efferent neurons of PNS

106
Q

Interneurons (Functional)

A

neurons that go between two neurons

ONLY IN CNS, high number!

107
Q

Glial Cells

A

Half the volume of the nervous system

capable of MITOSIS!

donot transmit nerve signals

108
Q

Ependymal Cell

A

(CNS)
cuboidal cells with highly branched processes
form epithelium called ependyma
line central canal of spinal cord & ventricles of brain (CSF)

FUNCTION: secrete cerebrospinal fluid
stem cells & have cilia to circulate CSF

109
Q

Astrocytes

A

abundant (90%)
large cell bodies with many processes
maintain blood-brain barrier
assist in neural development of the fetal brain

110
Q

Astrocytosis

A

astrocytosis occupy space of dying neurons

111
Q

Oligodendrites

A

(CNS)
smaller cell bodies with processes that wrap around acons to form myelin

myelin prevents passage of ions
increases speed of action potential
makes nerve appear white

112
Q

internodes

A

myelinated segments of axon

113
Q

nodes

A

gaps between internodes

114
Q

Microglia

A

(5%)
smallest & least numerous neuroglia
phagocytic cells of immune system

115
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Surround ganglia

regulate environment around neuron

116
Q

Schwann Cells

A

form myelin sheath around peripheral axons

117
Q

Myelination

A

Process in which part of axon is wrapped wih myelin
HIgh in lipids
In CNS = OLIG myelinates myelinates multiple neurons
SCHWANN cells in PNS myselinates ONE neuron

118
Q

Axon Regeneration

A

Damaged PNS axons can regenerate if cell body is intact and some neurolemma remain

DEPENDS:
amount of damage
distance between site of damaged nerve & structure innovated

119
Q

STEPS of axon regeneration

A
  1. axon is severed
  2. proximal portion seals off & swells due to axoplasmic flow
  3. part of myelin sheath and endoneurium form a regeneration tube
  4. axon regenerates & remyelination occurs
  5. innervation is restored when it comes into contact with original structure
  6. axon distal to injury regenerates
120
Q

Nerve Regeneration in CNS

A

limited by chemicals released by growth-inhibitory chemicals that block axon growth

121
Q

Astrocytes

A

produce scar tissue & DONT REGENERATE

122
Q

Chemically Gated Channels

A

normally closed

open in response to neurotransmitter binding to receptor

123
Q

Voltage-Gated channels

A

normally closed

open in response to changes in electrical charge potential across plasma membrane

only allow specific ions to pass through

activation gate & inactivation gate

124
Q

States of Voltage-Gated NA+ channels

A

Resting State- inactivation gate is open & activation gate is closed
Activation State- inactivation gate is open and activation gate is open
Inactivation State- inactivation gate is temporarily closed and activation gate is open

*during this time, it cannot be stimuated to open

125
Q

Dendrites & Cell Body

A

receptive segement

chemically gated channels

126
Q

Axon Hillock

A

(Initial Segment)

Voltage gated Na+/K+ channels

127
Q

Axon and Telodendria

A

(Conductive)

voltage-gated Na+/K+ channel

128
Q

Synaptic Knobs

A

(Transmissive)

Ca++ channels & Ca++ pumps

129
Q

Electrical Gradient

A

differencein electrical charge between 2 areas at the membrane

Inside = (-)
Oustide = +

when membrane potential is altered it creates and electrical current

130
Q

Chemical Concentration Gradient

A

unequal distribution between two areas for that substance

Anatomy & Physiology EXAM 3 (1 decks)

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