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BSC2085 > A&P Exam 2 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal vertebra, pelvic bones

A

Irregular bones

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2
Q

Patella small & flat found in tendons, knees, hands, feet

A

Sesamoid

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3
Q

Back of head small irregular bones in flat bones skull

A

Sutural

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4
Q

Intrasutural bones or suturas bones extra bone pieces that occur within a suture joint in the skull mostly in lamboid suture

A

Wormian

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5
Q

Storage of minerals calcium & lipids, fats. Yellow replaces red eventually

A

Yellow bone marrow

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6
Q

Blood cell production

A

Red bone marrow

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7
Q

What is bone weight

A

15%

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8
Q

bone matrix is made up of minerals

A

Calcium phosphate to forms crystals of hydroxyapatite which incorporate other calcium salts & ion

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9
Q

Protein fibers (collagen)

A

Matrix proteins

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10
Q

Forms outer layers of bone except parts of inclosed joints. Covered with membranes

A

Compact bones

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11
Q

Inside layer of bone. Does not have osteons, matrix forms an open network of trabeculae no blood vessels

A

Spongy bones

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12
Q

INSIDE layer of bone. No osteons.The space between trabeculae is filled w/ red bone marrow which have blood vessels form red blood cells and nutrients to osteocytes. In some bones, spongy bones hold yellow bone marrow yellow stores fat

A

The trabeculae of spongy bone and how they are organized

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13
Q

Compact bone thickens & strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae

A

Appositional growth

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14
Q

Is the first area of a bone to start ossifying. It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing bone. Most bones have more than one.

A

Primary ossification center

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15
Q

In long bone, the secondary center appears in the epiphyses *bone formation

A

Secondary ossification center

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16
Q 
Bone collar formation
Cavitation
Periosteal bud invasion
Diaphysis elongation
Epiphyseal ossification
A

5 stages of endochondral ossification

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17
Q

1 - an ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
2 - clusters of osteoblast form osteoid that become mineralized
3 - woven bone & periosteum form
4 - bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears

A

4 steps of intramembranous ossification

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18
Q

This is an inherited disorder that affects connective tissue. Affects heart, eyes, blood vessels, and bones. Tall, thin, long arms, legs, fingers, and toes

A

Marfan’s syndrome

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19
Q

What bones form zygomatic arch

A

Formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

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20
Q

Attaches the frontal bone to the parietal bones of either side. Like a crown

A

Coronal suture

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21
Q

On each side of the skull forms the boundary between the temporal bone & the parietal bone of that side

A

Squamous suture

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22
Q

Extends from the lamboid suture to the coronal suture between the parietal bones vertical line on skull

A

Sagittal suture

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23
Q

Arches across the posterior surface of the skull. Separates the occipital bone from the two parietal bones

A

Lambdoid suture

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24
Q

What is in the lacrimal fossa

A

The superior and lateral surface of the orbit is a shallow depression in the frontal bone that marks the location of the lacrimal (tear gland)

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25
Q

Forms attachments with muscles & ligaments to stabilize the articulation of the occipital condyles with the atlas. Balancing the mass of the head over the cervical vertebrae has four curved lines on the external surface of the occipital bone
*balancing & posture of head

A

Function of Nuchal lines

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26
Q

Forms part of the nasal septum, along with the vomer & a piece of hyaline cartilage. It’s a flat portion that extends from the horizontal plate to he orbital process

A

Functions of perpendicular plate

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27
Q

Near the base of the mastoid process, is attached to ligaments that support the hyoid bone and to the tendons of several muscles. *anchor point for several muscles, tongue, and larynx

A

Function of styloid process

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28
Q

A group of four paired air filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity. The maxillary sinuses located under the eye. Frontal sinuses above the eye. The ethmoidal sinuses between the eyes. The sphenoidal sinuses behind the eye.

A

Paranasal sinuses (4)

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29
Q 
Largest fiberous areas between the cranial bones 
anterior fontanales (soft spot)
Located between the infants cranial bones made of cartilage that grow together as the brain grows and bind together into joints called sutures.
A

Location and function of fontanelles

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30
Q

Form during fetal development. The vertebral column surrounds the spinal cord which travels within the spinal cord formed from a central hole within each vertebra. There vertebral column also known as the backbone or spine. It houses the spinal canal within is a cavity that encloses & protects the spinal cord

A

Primary curve

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31
Q

Forms cervical and lumber after birth. (A result of lifting the head)

A

Secondary curve

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32
Q

Bones possibly injured in CPR

A

Cracked sternum and or broken ribs & Xiphoid process

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33
Q 
Also called shoulder girdle
Connects the arms to the body 
Positions the shoulders
Provides a basement for arm movement
Two clavicles ; two scapulae
Connects with the axial skeleton only @ manubrium
A

The pectoral girdle

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34
Q

Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones)
Strong to bead body weight, stress of movement
Part of the pelvis
There fused bones : ilium, Ischium, and pubis

A

The pelvic girdle

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35
Q

scaphoid - near styloid process
Lunate - medial to scaphoid
Triquetrum -medial to lunate
Pisiform anterior to triquetrum

A

The four proximal carpal bones

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36
Q

Trapezium - lateral
Trapezoid - medial to trapezium
Capitate - largest
Garante - medial , distal

A

The four distal bones

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37
Q

Extremely strong joints are located where movement b/w the bones must b prevented
Ex. Suture, gomphosis, synchondrosis, synotosis

A

Immovable joints (synarthrosis)

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38
Q

Binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae & mandible

A

Gomphosis

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39
Q

Permits more movement, much stronger. Connected to collagen fibers or cartilage
Ex. Syndesmosis - bones connected by ligament
Symphysis - separated by a wedge or pad of fibra…. ex pubic symphysis.

A

Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)

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40
Q

Freely movable joints @ ends of long bones w/in articular capsules
Lined with synovial membrane

A

Diarthrosis

41
Q

Contains flippers proteogycans secreted by fibroblasts

Functions: lubrication, nutrient distribution, shock absorption

A

Synovial fluid

42
Q

Padding articulating surfaces w/in articular capsules
Prevents bones from touching
Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid
Reduces friction

A

Articular cartilage

43
Q

Twists sole of foot medically

A

Inversión

44
Q

Twists sole of foot laterally

A

Eversión

45
Q

Flexion @ ankle (lifting toes)

A

Dorisflexion

46
Q

Extension @ ankle (pointing toes)

A

Plantar flexion

47
Q

Thumb movement toward fingers or palm

A

Opposition

48
Q

Moves anteriorly *in the horizontal plane pushing forward

A

Protraction

49
Q

Moving anteriorly pulling back

A

Retraction

50
Q

Moves in superior (up)

A

Elevation

51
Q

Bends vertebral column from side to side

A

Lateral flexion

52
Q

Reduces angle b/w elements

A

Flexion

53
Q

Increases angle b/w elements

A

Extension

54
Q

Past anatomical position

A

Hyper extension

55
Q

Moves away from longitudinal axis

A

Abduction

56
Q

Moves toward longitudinal axis

A

Adduction

57
Q

Circular motion w/o rotation

A

Circumduction

58
Q

Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosis

Presses on spinal cord nerves

A

Herniated discs

59
Q

Socket of the shoulder joint
Deepens socket of glenoid cavity
Fibrocartilage lining
Extends past bone

A

Glenoid labrum

60
Q

A shallow depression on a bone especially that on the scapula into which the head of the humerous fits

A

Glenoid fossa

61
Q

Joint inflammation

All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilage of synovial joints

A

Arthritis

62
Q

A dense layer of collagen fibers, surrounds the entire muscle. Separates the muscle from surrounding tissues and organs. It is connected to the deep fascia, a dense connective layer

A

Epimysium

63
Q

A fibrous layer that divides the skeletal muscles into a series of compartments.
Contains blood vessels and nerves that maintain blood flow and innervate supply the muscle fibers w/in the fascicles

A

Perimysium

64
Q

A thin layer of areolar connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber. Interconnects nearby muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber contains bundles of protein filaments called myofibrils

A

Endomysium

65
Q

What embryonic cells form muscle cells

A

Develop through fusion of mesodermal cells (myoblasts)

66
Q

Made up of bundles of protein filaments

A

Myofilaments

67
Q

Made up of protein actin

A

Thin filaments

68
Q

Made up of protein myosin

A

Thick filament

69
Q

The dense region of the sarcomere that contains thick filaments

A

A band

70
Q

Contains thin filaments.

Extends from the A band of one sarcomere to the A band of the next

A

I band

71
Q

A lighter region on either side of the M line.

This band contains thick filaments

A

H band

72
Q

Connects the central portion of each thick filament

A

M line

73
Q

Marks the boundary b/w adjacent sarcomeres.

2 lines consist of proteins called actinins

A

Z line

74
Q

In this zone the thin filaments are arranged in a 6:1 ratio around each thick filament

A

Zone of OVERLAP

75
Q

Are strands of protein; reach from tips of thick filaments to the z line - stabilize filaments

A

Tintín

76
Q

Formed by one T-tubule & two cisternae

A

Triad

77
Q

1 - H bands & I bands get smaller
2 - the zones of overlap get larger
3 - the z lines move closer together
4 - the width of the A band remains constant

A

Sliding filament theory

78
Q

A single stimulus - contraction - relaxation sequence in a muscle fiber

A

Twitch

79
Q

A serious bacterial infection that causes painful muscle spasms & can lead to death affects nerves

A

Tetanus

80
Q

A muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid cycle of contraction & relaxation

A

Incomplete tetanus

81
Q

Occurs when a higher stimulation frequency eliminates the relaxation phase in continuous contraction

A

Complete tetanus

82
Q

A propagated change in the membrane potential of excitable cells, initiated by a change in the membrane permeability to sodium ions

A

Muscle action potential

83
Q

A stair step increase in twitch tension
Repeated stimulations immediately after relaxation phase
Stimulus frequency <50/sec
Causes a series of contraction with increasing tension

A

Treppe

84
Q

Are slow to contract, slow to fatigue
Have small diameter more mitochondria
Have high oxygen supply
Contain myoglobin (red pigment, binds oxygen)

A

Slow fibers

85
Q

Contract very quickly
Have large diameter, large glycogen reserves. Few mitochondria
Have strong contractions, fatigue quickly

A

Fast fibers

86
Q

Immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds

A

Osteoblasts

87
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts
Located in edosteum, the inner cellular layer of periosteum
Assist in fracture repair

A

Osteoprogenitor

88
Q

Secrete acids and protein digesting enzymes
Giant, multinucleate cells
Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals
Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages

A

Osteoclasts

89
Q

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
Live in lacunae
Are between layers of matrix
Do not divide
Two major functions - to maintain protein mineral content of matrix - to help repair damaged bone

A

Osteocytes

90
Q

Structural unit of bone

A

Osteon

91
Q

Secreted by c cells parafollicular cell in thyroid. Decreases calcium ion levels by inhibiting osteoclast activities. Increasing calcium secretion @ kidneys

A

Calcitonin

92
Q

Pointing finger

A

Extensor digitorium

93
Q

Extends hips and bend of flex your knee

A

Hamstrings

94
Q

Flex your hip and extends you knee

A

Quads

95
Q

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

A

Four rotator cuff muscles

96
Q

Elevates should joint out to the side

A

Supraspinatus

97
Q

Externally rotates the shoulder joint

A

Infraspinatus

98
Q

Allows humerous to move freely during elevation of the arm

A

Subscapularis

BSC2085 (2 decks)

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