A&P Exam 2 Flashcards
Spinal vertebra, pelvic bones
Irregular bones
Patella small & flat found in tendons, knees, hands, feet
Sesamoid
Back of head small irregular bones in flat bones skull
Sutural
Intrasutural bones or suturas bones extra bone pieces that occur within a suture joint in the skull mostly in lamboid suture
Wormian
Storage of minerals calcium & lipids, fats. Yellow replaces red eventually
Yellow bone marrow
Blood cell production
Red bone marrow
What is bone weight
15%
bone matrix is made up of minerals
Calcium phosphate to forms crystals of hydroxyapatite which incorporate other calcium salts & ion
Protein fibers (collagen)
Matrix proteins
Forms outer layers of bone except parts of inclosed joints. Covered with membranes
Compact bones
Inside layer of bone. Does not have osteons, matrix forms an open network of trabeculae no blood vessels
Spongy bones
INSIDE layer of bone. No osteons.The space between trabeculae is filled w/ red bone marrow which have blood vessels form red blood cells and nutrients to osteocytes. In some bones, spongy bones hold yellow bone marrow yellow stores fat
The trabeculae of spongy bone and how they are organized
Compact bone thickens & strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae
Appositional growth
Is the first area of a bone to start ossifying. It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing bone. Most bones have more than one.
Primary ossification center
In long bone, the secondary center appears in the epiphyses *bone formation
Secondary ossification center
Bone collar formation Cavitation Periosteal bud invasion Diaphysis elongation Epiphyseal ossification
5 stages of endochondral ossification
1 - an ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
2 - clusters of osteoblast form osteoid that become mineralized
3 - woven bone & periosteum form
4 - bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears
4 steps of intramembranous ossification
This is an inherited disorder that affects connective tissue. Affects heart, eyes, blood vessels, and bones. Tall, thin, long arms, legs, fingers, and toes
Marfan’s syndrome
What bones form zygomatic arch
Formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Attaches the frontal bone to the parietal bones of either side. Like a crown
Coronal suture
On each side of the skull forms the boundary between the temporal bone & the parietal bone of that side
Squamous suture
Extends from the lamboid suture to the coronal suture between the parietal bones vertical line on skull
Sagittal suture
Arches across the posterior surface of the skull. Separates the occipital bone from the two parietal bones
Lambdoid suture
What is in the lacrimal fossa
The superior and lateral surface of the orbit is a shallow depression in the frontal bone that marks the location of the lacrimal (tear gland)
Forms attachments with muscles & ligaments to stabilize the articulation of the occipital condyles with the atlas. Balancing the mass of the head over the cervical vertebrae has four curved lines on the external surface of the occipital bone
*balancing & posture of head
Function of Nuchal lines
Forms part of the nasal septum, along with the vomer & a piece of hyaline cartilage. It’s a flat portion that extends from the horizontal plate to he orbital process
Functions of perpendicular plate
Near the base of the mastoid process, is attached to ligaments that support the hyoid bone and to the tendons of several muscles. *anchor point for several muscles, tongue, and larynx
Function of styloid process
A group of four paired air filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity. The maxillary sinuses located under the eye. Frontal sinuses above the eye. The ethmoidal sinuses between the eyes. The sphenoidal sinuses behind the eye.
Paranasal sinuses (4)
Largest fiberous areas between the cranial bones anterior fontanales (soft spot) Located between the infants cranial bones made of cartilage that grow together as the brain grows and bind together into joints called sutures.
Location and function of fontanelles
Form during fetal development. The vertebral column surrounds the spinal cord which travels within the spinal cord formed from a central hole within each vertebra. There vertebral column also known as the backbone or spine. It houses the spinal canal within is a cavity that encloses & protects the spinal cord
Primary curve
Forms cervical and lumber after birth. (A result of lifting the head)
Secondary curve
Bones possibly injured in CPR
Cracked sternum and or broken ribs & Xiphoid process
Also called shoulder girdle Connects the arms to the body Positions the shoulders Provides a basement for arm movement Two clavicles ; two scapulae Connects with the axial skeleton only @ manubrium
The pectoral girdle
Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones)
Strong to bead body weight, stress of movement
Part of the pelvis
There fused bones : ilium, Ischium, and pubis
The pelvic girdle
scaphoid - near styloid process
Lunate - medial to scaphoid
Triquetrum -medial to lunate
Pisiform anterior to triquetrum
The four proximal carpal bones
Trapezium - lateral
Trapezoid - medial to trapezium
Capitate - largest
Garante - medial , distal
The four distal bones
Extremely strong joints are located where movement b/w the bones must b prevented
Ex. Suture, gomphosis, synchondrosis, synotosis
Immovable joints (synarthrosis)
Binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae & mandible
Gomphosis
Permits more movement, much stronger. Connected to collagen fibers or cartilage
Ex. Syndesmosis - bones connected by ligament
Symphysis - separated by a wedge or pad of fibra…. ex pubic symphysis.
Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)
Freely movable joints @ ends of long bones w/in articular capsules
Lined with synovial membrane
Diarthrosis
Contains flippers proteogycans secreted by fibroblasts
Functions: lubrication, nutrient distribution, shock absorption
Synovial fluid
Padding articulating surfaces w/in articular capsules
Prevents bones from touching
Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid
Reduces friction
Articular cartilage
Twists sole of foot medically
Inversión
Twists sole of foot laterally
Eversión
Flexion @ ankle (lifting toes)
Dorisflexion
Extension @ ankle (pointing toes)
Plantar flexion
Thumb movement toward fingers or palm
Opposition
Moves anteriorly *in the horizontal plane pushing forward
Protraction
Moving anteriorly pulling back
Retraction
Moves in superior (up)
Elevation
Bends vertebral column from side to side
Lateral flexion
Reduces angle b/w elements
Flexion
Increases angle b/w elements
Extension
Past anatomical position
Hyper extension
Moves away from longitudinal axis
Abduction
Moves toward longitudinal axis
Adduction
Circular motion w/o rotation
Circumduction
Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosis
Presses on spinal cord nerves
Herniated discs
Socket of the shoulder joint
Deepens socket of glenoid cavity
Fibrocartilage lining
Extends past bone
Glenoid labrum
A shallow depression on a bone especially that on the scapula into which the head of the humerous fits
Glenoid fossa
Joint inflammation
All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilage of synovial joints
Arthritis
A dense layer of collagen fibers, surrounds the entire muscle. Separates the muscle from surrounding tissues and organs. It is connected to the deep fascia, a dense connective layer
Epimysium
A fibrous layer that divides the skeletal muscles into a series of compartments.
Contains blood vessels and nerves that maintain blood flow and innervate supply the muscle fibers w/in the fascicles
Perimysium
A thin layer of areolar connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber. Interconnects nearby muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber contains bundles of protein filaments called myofibrils
Endomysium
What embryonic cells form muscle cells
Develop through fusion of mesodermal cells (myoblasts)
Made up of bundles of protein filaments
Myofilaments
Made up of protein actin
Thin filaments
Made up of protein myosin
Thick filament
The dense region of the sarcomere that contains thick filaments
A band
Contains thin filaments.
Extends from the A band of one sarcomere to the A band of the next
I band
A lighter region on either side of the M line.
This band contains thick filaments
H band
Connects the central portion of each thick filament
M line
Marks the boundary b/w adjacent sarcomeres.
2 lines consist of proteins called actinins
Z line
In this zone the thin filaments are arranged in a 6:1 ratio around each thick filament
Zone of OVERLAP
Are strands of protein; reach from tips of thick filaments to the z line - stabilize filaments
Tintín
Formed by one T-tubule & two cisternae
Triad
1 - H bands & I bands get smaller
2 - the zones of overlap get larger
3 - the z lines move closer together
4 - the width of the A band remains constant
Sliding filament theory
A single stimulus - contraction - relaxation sequence in a muscle fiber
Twitch
A serious bacterial infection that causes painful muscle spasms & can lead to death affects nerves
Tetanus
A muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid cycle of contraction & relaxation
Incomplete tetanus
Occurs when a higher stimulation frequency eliminates the relaxation phase in continuous contraction
Complete tetanus
A propagated change in the membrane potential of excitable cells, initiated by a change in the membrane permeability to sodium ions
Muscle action potential
A stair step increase in twitch tension
Repeated stimulations immediately after relaxation phase
Stimulus frequency <50/sec
Causes a series of contraction with increasing tension
Treppe
Are slow to contract, slow to fatigue
Have small diameter more mitochondria
Have high oxygen supply
Contain myoglobin (red pigment, binds oxygen)
Slow fibers
Contract very quickly
Have large diameter, large glycogen reserves. Few mitochondria
Have strong contractions, fatigue quickly
Fast fibers
Immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds
Osteoblasts
Mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts
Located in edosteum, the inner cellular layer of periosteum
Assist in fracture repair
Osteoprogenitor
Secrete acids and protein digesting enzymes
Giant, multinucleate cells
Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals
Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages
Osteoclasts
Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
Live in lacunae
Are between layers of matrix
Do not divide
Two major functions - to maintain protein mineral content of matrix - to help repair damaged bone
Osteocytes
Structural unit of bone
Osteon
Secreted by c cells parafollicular cell in thyroid. Decreases calcium ion levels by inhibiting osteoclast activities. Increasing calcium secretion @ kidneys
Calcitonin
Pointing finger
Extensor digitorium
Extends hips and bend of flex your knee
Hamstrings
Flex your hip and extends you knee
Quads
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Four rotator cuff muscles
Elevates should joint out to the side
Supraspinatus
Externally rotates the shoulder joint
Infraspinatus
Allows humerous to move freely during elevation of the arm
Subscapularis
