A&P Exam 2

Question 1

Spinal vertebra, pelvic bones

Answer 1

Irregular bones

Question 2

Patella small & flat found in tendons, knees, hands, feet

Answer 2

Sesamoid

Question 3

Back of head small irregular bones in flat bones skull

Answer 3

Sutural

Question 4

Intrasutural bones or suturas bones extra bone pieces that occur within a suture joint in the skull mostly in lamboid suture

Answer 4

Wormian

Question 5

Storage of minerals calcium & lipids, fats. Yellow replaces red eventually

Answer 5

Yellow bone marrow

Question 6

Blood cell production

Answer 6

Red bone marrow

Question 7

What is bone weight

Answer 7

15%

Question 8

bone matrix is made up of minerals

Answer 8

Calcium phosphate to forms crystals of hydroxyapatite which incorporate other calcium salts & ion

Question 9

Protein fibers (collagen)

Answer 9

Matrix proteins

Question 10

Forms outer layers of bone except parts of inclosed joints. Covered with membranes

Answer 10

Compact bones

Question 11

Inside layer of bone. Does not have osteons, matrix forms an open network of trabeculae no blood vessels

Answer 11

Spongy bones

Question 12

INSIDE layer of bone. No osteons.The space between trabeculae is filled w/ red bone marrow which have blood vessels form red blood cells and nutrients to osteocytes. In some bones, spongy bones hold yellow bone marrow yellow stores fat

Answer 12

The trabeculae of spongy bone and how they are organized

Question 13

Compact bone thickens & strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae

Answer 13

Appositional growth

Question 14

Is the first area of a bone to start ossifying. It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing bone. Most bones have more than one.

Answer 14

Primary ossification center

Question 15

In long bone, the secondary center appears in the epiphyses *bone formation

Answer 15

Secondary ossification center

Question 16

Bone collar formation
Cavitation
Periosteal bud invasion
Diaphysis elongation
Epiphyseal ossification

Answer 16

5 stages of endochondral ossification

Question 17

1 - an ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
2 - clusters of osteoblast form osteoid that become mineralized
3 - woven bone & periosteum form
4 - bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears

Answer 17

4 steps of intramembranous ossification

Question 18

This is an inherited disorder that affects connective tissue. Affects heart, eyes, blood vessels, and bones. Tall, thin, long arms, legs, fingers, and toes

Answer 18

Marfan’s syndrome

Question 19

What bones form zygomatic arch

Answer 19

Formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

Question 20

Attaches the frontal bone to the parietal bones of either side. Like a crown

Answer 20

Coronal suture

Question 21

On each side of the skull forms the boundary between the temporal bone & the parietal bone of that side

Answer 21

Squamous suture

Question 22

Extends from the lamboid suture to the coronal suture between the parietal bones vertical line on skull

Answer 22

Sagittal suture

Question 23

Arches across the posterior surface of the skull. Separates the occipital bone from the two parietal bones

Answer 23

Lambdoid suture

Question 24

What is in the lacrimal fossa

Answer 24

The superior and lateral surface of the orbit is a shallow depression in the frontal bone that marks the location of the lacrimal (tear gland)

Question 25

Forms attachments with muscles & ligaments to stabilize the articulation of the occipital condyles with the atlas. Balancing the mass of the head over the cervical vertebrae has four curved lines on the external surface of the occipital bone *balancing & posture of head

Answer 25

Function of Nuchal lines

Question 26

Forms part of the nasal septum, along with the vomer & a piece of hyaline cartilage. It's a flat portion that extends from the horizontal plate to he orbital process

Answer 26

Functions of perpendicular plate

Question 27

Near the base of the mastoid process, is attached to ligaments that support the hyoid bone and to the tendons of several muscles. *anchor point for several muscles, tongue, and larynx

Answer 27

Function of styloid process

Question 28

A group of four paired air filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity. The maxillary sinuses located under the eye. Frontal sinuses above the eye. The ethmoidal sinuses between the eyes. The sphenoidal sinuses behind the eye.

Answer 28

Paranasal sinuses (4)

Question 29

``` Largest fiberous areas between the cranial bones anterior fontanales (soft spot) Located between the infants cranial bones made of cartilage that grow together as the brain grows and bind together into joints called sutures. ```

Answer 29

Location and function of fontanelles

Question 30

Form during fetal development. The vertebral column surrounds the spinal cord which travels within the spinal cord formed from a central hole within each vertebra. There vertebral column also known as the backbone or spine. It houses the spinal canal within is a cavity that encloses & protects the spinal cord

Answer 30

Primary curve

Question 31

Forms cervical and lumber after birth. (A result of lifting the head)

Answer 31

Secondary curve

Question 32

Bones possibly injured in CPR

Answer 32

Cracked sternum and or broken ribs & Xiphoid process

Question 33

``` Also called shoulder girdle Connects the arms to the body Positions the shoulders Provides a basement for arm movement Two clavicles ; two scapulae Connects with the axial skeleton only @ manubrium ```

Answer 33

The pectoral girdle

Question 34

Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones) Strong to bead body weight, stress of movement Part of the pelvis There fused bones : ilium, Ischium, and pubis

Answer 34

The pelvic girdle

Question 35

scaphoid - near styloid process Lunate - medial to scaphoid Triquetrum -medial to lunate Pisiform anterior to triquetrum

Answer 35

The four proximal carpal bones

Question 36

Trapezium - lateral Trapezoid - medial to trapezium Capitate - largest Garante - medial , distal

Answer 36

The four distal bones

Question 37

Extremely strong joints are located where movement b/w the bones must b prevented Ex. Suture, gomphosis, synchondrosis, synotosis

Answer 37

Immovable joints (synarthrosis)

Question 38

Binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae & mandible

Answer 38

Gomphosis

Question 39

Permits more movement, much stronger. Connected to collagen fibers or cartilage Ex. Syndesmosis - bones connected by ligament Symphysis - separated by a wedge or pad of fibra.... ex pubic symphysis.

Answer 39

Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)

Question 40

Freely movable joints @ ends of long bones w/in articular capsules Lined with synovial membrane

Answer 40

Diarthrosis

Question 41

Contains flippers proteogycans secreted by fibroblasts | Functions: lubrication, nutrient distribution, shock absorption

Answer 41

Synovial fluid

Question 42

Padding articulating surfaces w/in articular capsules Prevents bones from touching Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid Reduces friction

Answer 42

Articular cartilage

Question 43

Twists sole of foot medically

Answer 43

Inversión

Question 44

Twists sole of foot laterally

Answer 44

Eversión

Question 45

Flexion @ ankle (lifting toes)

Answer 45

Dorisflexion

Question 46

Extension @ ankle (pointing toes)

Answer 46

Plantar flexion

Question 47

Thumb movement toward fingers or palm

Answer 47

Opposition

Question 48

Moves anteriorly *in the horizontal plane pushing forward

Answer 48

Protraction

Question 49

Moving anteriorly pulling back

Answer 49

Retraction

Question 50

Moves in superior (up)

Answer 50

Elevation

Question 51

Bends vertebral column from side to side

Answer 51

Lateral flexion

Question 52

Reduces angle b/w elements

Answer 52

Flexion

Question 53

Increases angle b/w elements

Answer 53

Extension

Question 54

Past anatomical position

Answer 54

Hyper extension

Question 55

Moves away from longitudinal axis

Answer 55

Abduction

Question 56

Moves toward longitudinal axis

Answer 56

Adduction

Question 57

Circular motion w/o rotation

Answer 57

Circumduction

Question 58

Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosis | Presses on spinal cord nerves

Answer 58

Herniated discs

Question 59

Socket of the shoulder joint Deepens socket of glenoid cavity Fibrocartilage lining Extends past bone

Answer 59

Glenoid labrum

Question 60

A shallow depression on a bone especially that on the scapula into which the head of the humerous fits

Answer 60

Glenoid fossa

Question 61

Joint inflammation | All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilage of synovial joints

Answer 61

Arthritis

Question 62

A dense layer of collagen fibers, surrounds the entire muscle. Separates the muscle from surrounding tissues and organs. It is connected to the deep fascia, a dense connective layer

Answer 62

Epimysium

Question 63

A fibrous layer that divides the skeletal muscles into a series of compartments. Contains blood vessels and nerves that maintain blood flow and innervate supply the muscle fibers w/in the fascicles

Answer 63

Perimysium

Question 64

A thin layer of areolar connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber. Interconnects nearby muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber contains bundles of protein filaments called myofibrils

Answer 64

Endomysium

Question 65

What embryonic cells form muscle cells

Answer 65

Develop through fusion of mesodermal cells (myoblasts)

Question 66

Made up of bundles of protein filaments

Answer 66

Myofilaments

Question 67

Made up of protein actin

Answer 67

Thin filaments

Question 68

Made up of protein myosin

Answer 68

Thick filament

Question 69

The dense region of the sarcomere that contains thick filaments

Answer 69

A band

Question 70

Contains thin filaments. | Extends from the A band of one sarcomere to the A band of the next

Answer 70

I band

Question 71

A lighter region on either side of the M line. | This band contains thick filaments

Answer 71

H band

Question 72

Connects the central portion of each thick filament

Answer 72

M line

Question 73

Marks the boundary b/w adjacent sarcomeres. | 2 lines consist of proteins called actinins

Answer 73

Z line

Question 74

In this zone the thin filaments are arranged in a 6:1 ratio around each thick filament

Answer 74

Zone of OVERLAP

Question 75

Are strands of protein; reach from tips of thick filaments to the z line - stabilize filaments

Answer 75

Tintín

Question 76

Formed by one T-tubule & two cisternae

Answer 76

Triad

Question 77

1 - H bands & I bands get smaller 2 - the zones of overlap get larger 3 - the z lines move closer together 4 - the width of the A band remains constant

Answer 77

Sliding filament theory

Question 78

A single stimulus - contraction - relaxation sequence in a muscle fiber

Answer 78

Twitch

Question 79

A serious bacterial infection that causes painful muscle spasms & can lead to death affects nerves

Answer 79

Tetanus

Question 80

A muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid cycle of contraction & relaxation

Answer 80

Incomplete tetanus

Question 81

Occurs when a higher stimulation frequency eliminates the relaxation phase in continuous contraction

Answer 81

Complete tetanus

Question 82

A propagated change in the membrane potential of excitable cells, initiated by a change in the membrane permeability to sodium ions

Answer 82

Muscle action potential

Question 83

A stair step increase in twitch tension Repeated stimulations immediately after relaxation phase Stimulus frequency <50/sec Causes a series of contraction with increasing tension

Answer 83

Treppe

Question 84

Are slow to contract, slow to fatigue Have small diameter more mitochondria Have high oxygen supply Contain myoglobin (red pigment, binds oxygen)

Answer 84

Slow fibers

Question 85

Contract very quickly Have large diameter, large glycogen reserves. Few mitochondria Have strong contractions, fatigue quickly

Answer 85

Fast fibers

Question 86

Immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds

Answer 86

Osteoblasts

Question 87

Mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts Located in edosteum, the inner cellular layer of periosteum Assist in fracture repair

Answer 87

Osteoprogenitor

Question 88

Secrete acids and protein digesting enzymes Giant, multinucleate cells Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages

Answer 88

Osteoclasts

Question 89

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix Live in lacunae Are between layers of matrix Do not divide Two major functions - to maintain protein mineral content of matrix - to help repair damaged bone

Answer 89

Osteocytes

Question 90

Structural unit of bone

Answer 90

Osteon

Question 91

Secreted by c cells parafollicular cell in thyroid. Decreases calcium ion levels by inhibiting osteoclast activities. Increasing calcium secretion @ kidneys

Answer 91

Calcitonin

Question 92

Pointing finger

Answer 92

Extensor digitorium

Question 93

Extends hips and bend of flex your knee

Answer 93

Hamstrings

Question 94

Flex your hip and extends you knee

Answer 94

Quads

Question 95

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis

Answer 95

Four rotator cuff muscles

Question 96

Elevates should joint out to the side

Answer 96

Supraspinatus

Question 97

Externally rotates the shoulder joint

Answer 97

Infraspinatus

Question 98

Allows humerous to move freely during elevation of the arm

Answer 98

Subscapularis