A&P Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the four primary tissue types in the human body?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
What are the two types of osseous tissue, and where are they found?
Spongy bone (found in heads of long bones and middle of flat bones); Compact bone (forms external surfaces of all bones)
What is the function of osteocytes and where are they located?
Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix, located in lacunae between lamellae
What are the three types of muscle tissue, and how do they differ?
Skeletal (striated, voluntary), Cardiac (striated, involuntary, intercalated discs), Smooth (non-striated, involuntary)
What are the functions of tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions?
Tight junctions seal spaces between cells; Desmosomes anchor cells together; Gap junctions allow for communication between cells
What are the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into blood; Exocrine glands release secretions via ducts to body surfaces or cavities
A patient suffers from a burn injury that has damaged all layers of the epidermis and part of the dermis. What degree of burn is this, and what complications may arise?
This is a second-degree burn. Complications may include pain, blistering, risk of infection, and possible scarring.
A patient presents with a bacterial infection that has spread between epithelial cells in the stomach lining. What type of cell junction failure may have contributed to this?
A failure in tight junctions, which normally prevent substances from passing between epithelial cells, may have allowed the bacteria to penetrate deeper tissues.
What are the two main layers of the skin, and what tissue type composes each?
Epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium) and Dermis (connective tissue)
What is the function of melanocytes?
Produce melanin, which protects DNA from UV radiation
What are the differences between thick and thin skin?
Thick skin (palms, soles, no hair, thick epidermis); Thin skin (covers most of body, has hair, thinner epidermis)
What are the three types of skin cancer, and which is the most dangerous?
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma (most dangerous)
What are the types of sweat glands, and how do they differ?
Eccrine (watery secretion for cooling); Apocrine (milky secretion, associated with hair follicles, active at puberty)
A patient has an unusual mole that is asymmetrical, has an irregular border, multiple colors, and has grown larger over time. What should be suspected?
The mole may be melanoma, a dangerous type of skin cancer, and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
A person has pale skin and is shivering in a cold environment. How does the skin contribute to thermoregulation in this case?
Cutaneous vasoconstriction occurs, reducing blood flow to the skin to minimize heat loss and preserve core body temperature.
What are the major functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation, hormone secretion
What is the difference between osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts?
Osteoblasts (build bone), Osteocytes (maintain bone), Osteoclasts (break down bone)
What are the structural components of a long bone?
Diaphysis (shaft), Epiphysis (ends), Medullary cavity, Periosteum, Endosteum, Articular cartilage
What are the two types of bone marrow, and what are their functions?
Red marrow (produces blood cells), Yellow marrow (stores fat)
What are the two methods of bone formation?
Intramembranous ossification (flat bones), Endochondral ossification (long bones)
What hormones regulate blood calcium levels, and how?
Calcitriol (increases Ca absorption), Parathyroid Hormone (raises blood Ca), Calcitonin (lowers blood Ca in children)
What are the types of bone fractures?
Stress fracture (due to trauma), Pathological fracture (due to disease); displaced, non-displaced, comminuted, greenstick
What are the four stages of fracture healing?
Hematoma formation, Soft callus formation, Hard callus formation, Bone remodeling
A child is diagnosed with rickets. What is the cause, and how does it affect the bones?
Rickets is caused by vitamin D deficiency, leading to impaired calcium absorption and weak, soft bones.
A patient has osteoporosis and suffers a hip fracture. What factors contribute to this condition, and how can it be managed?
Osteoporosis is caused by decreased bone density due to aging, hormonal changes, or calcium deficiency. Management includes weight-bearing exercises, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and medications to slow bone loss.
