A&P Exam 2

Question 1

Cytosol

Answer 1

Viscous fluid in cytoplasm; high water content and contains dissolved macromolecules and ions; an intracellular fluid

Question 2

Inclusions

Answer 2

temporary cytosol storages; not organelles; ex. triglycerides, glycogen

Question 3

interstitial fluids

Answer 3

extracellular fluid

Question 4

integral proteins

Answer 4

embedded within/across phospholipid bilayer

Question 5

peripheral proteins

Answer 5

loosely attached to external or internal surface

Question 6

transport proteins

Answer 6

regulate movement of substances through the membrane

Question 7

cell surface receptors

Answer 7

bind molecules called ligands

Question 8

identity markers

Answer 8

communicate to other cells that they belong to the body; distinguishes healthy cells from cells to be destroyed

Question 9

enzymes

Answer 9

may be attached to internal or external surface; catalyze reactions

Question 10

anchoring site

Answer 10

secure cytoskeleton to plasma membrane

Question 11

cell-adhesion proteins

Answer 11

perform cell-to-cell attachments

Question 12

simple diffusion

Answer 12

small non-ploar solutes pass between phospholipid bilayer; can include O2, CO2, Fatty acids; not regulated by the plasma membrane; dependent on concentration gradient

Question 13

facilitated diffusion

Answer 13

transport process for small charged or polar solutes; requires assistance from plasma membrane proteins

Question 14

channel mediated diffusion

Answer 14

type of facilitated diffusion; movement of ions through water filled protein channels; leak channels (continuously open) and gated channels (closed, opens in response to stimulus)

Question 15

leak channels

Answer 15

facilitated diffusion continuously open channels

Question 16

gated channels

Answer 16

facilitated diffusion channels that are opened in response to stimuli

Question 17

carrier mediated diffusion

Answer 17

small polar molecules assisted across membrane by carrier proteins; binding substance causes change of carrier protein shape; moves substances down their gradient

Question 18

uniporter

Answer 18

carrier transporter that only binds to one substance

Question 19

osmosis

Answer 19

movement of water across membrane; passive process that depends on concentration gradient

Question 20

aquaporins

Answer 20

one method water can move across membrane; integral protein

Question 21

osmotic pressure

Answer 21

pressure exerted by movement of water across the semipermeable membrane

Question 22

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 22

pressure exerted by a fluid on the inside wall of the container

Question 23

tonicity

Answer 23

ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of a cell by osmosis

Question 24

primary active transport

Answer 24

uses energy directly from the breakdown of ATP; use ion pumps to move ions across membrane; maintains internal concentrations of ions

Question 25

sodium-potassium pumps

Answer 25

exchange ion pump; continuously exports Na+ out of cell, K+ inside cell, plasma membrane preserves steep gradient differences

Question 26

secondary active transport

Answer 26

moves substances against concentration gradient; uses energy from second substance down its gradient

Question 27

symport

Answer 27

secondary active transport; two substances moved in same direction

Question 28

antiport

Answer 28

secondary active transport; two substances move in opposite transport

Question 29

vesicular transport

Answer 29

involves energy input to transport substances by a vesicle; membrane-bounded sac filled with materials

Question 30

exocytosis

Answer 30

vesicle transport; macromolecules too large to be moved across membrane; requires ATP; contents released to outside of cell

Question 31

endocytosis

Answer 31

vesicle transport; uptake substances from external environment; severs new vesicle from plasma membrane and requires ATP

Question 32

phagocytosis

Answer 32

cellular eating

Question 33

pinocytosis

Answer 33

cellular drinking; performed by most cells

Question 34

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 34

uses receptors on plasma membrane to bind molecules within interstitial fluid and bring into cell; enables cell to obtain bulk substances; fusion of bilayer that requires ATP

Question 35

Familial Hypercholesteremia

Answer 35

inherited genetic disorder; defects in LDL receptors or LDL proteins that interfere with normal receptor-mediated endocytosis of cholesterol; greatly elevated cholesterol that highly increases risk of heart attack

Question 36

resting membrane potential

Answer 36

(RMP) plasma membrane establishes and maintains electrochemical gradient; essential for muscle and nerve function

Question 37

membrane potential

Answer 37

potential energy of charge difference across membran