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A&P > A&P Exam 2 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What do phospholipids make up?

A

Cell Membranes

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2
Q

What is the difference between a phospholipid and a triglyceride?

A

triglycerides have 3 fatty acids and phospholipids have 2, with one polar group

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3
Q

Are triglycerides soluble in water?

A

No

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4
Q

are the phospholipids’ heads and tail hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

the head is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic

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5
Q

what is the backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids?

A

glycerol

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6
Q

what are the tails of phospholipids made of?

A

the two non-polar fatty acids

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7
Q

what happens when you put phospholipids into water?

A

the tails face other tails and the heads point out towards the water

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8
Q

what is the head of a phospholipid?

A

the charged polar group

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9
Q

what do phospholipids form in a watery environment?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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10
Q

what forms hydrogen bonds in phospholipids?

A

when an area of a molecule is attracted to another area of a molecule, but it does not hold molecules together

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11
Q

what makes up most of the structure of cell membranes in phospholipids?

A

the phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

what are the different types of lipids?

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, glycerol, steroids, carotenes, vitamin A, E & K, eicosanoids, lipoproteins

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13
Q

how many fatty acids do glycerol molecules have?

A

2

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14
Q

what is the head and tail of glycerol molecules?

A

the head is the polar group & the tail is the 2 non-polar groups

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15
Q

what are different types of steroids?

A

cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisol, bile salts & vitamin D

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16
Q

how are steroids & triglycerides the same?

A

they are both non-polar & fat soluble

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17
Q

what are phospholipids soluble to?

A

water & lipid

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18
Q

what makes one steroid different from another?

A

there are numerous places where carbon atoms can attach to a steroid, its what & where they attach that makes them different

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19
Q

are steroids fat or water soluble?

A

fat soluble

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20
Q

what are the 2 principle subclasses of eicosanoids?

A

prostaglandins & leukotrienes

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21
Q

what happens to excess carbohydrates, proteins & fats?

A

they get converted into triglycerides & get stored into adipose cells since storage of fat is virtually unlimited

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22
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A

they are structural, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transportive & catalytic

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23
Q

what makes proteins structural?

A

collagen

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24
Q

what makes proteins regulatory?

A

they regulate physiological processes such as growth, nervous responses & hormones

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25
Q

what makes proteins contractile?

A

muscles

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26
Q

what is an example of a transportive protein?

A

hemoglobin

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27
Q

proteins always contain _____ ?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen

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28
Q

what are proteins made up of?

A

amino acids (there are about 20+)

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29
Q

what determines the sequence of amino acids?

A

specific proteins

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30
Q

what is the structure of each amino acid?

A

a central carbon, an amino group, a carboxyl amino group & side chain (R group)

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31
Q

what does the R group do?

A

makes one amino acid different for another

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32
Q

what are the covalent bonds that joins amino acids in proteins?

A

peptide bonds (dipeptides, tripeptides & polypeptides)

33
Q

what is special about proteins?

A

there is a huge number of possible protein combinations & a protein may have one to several polypeptide chains

34
Q

what are the levels of organization in proteins?

A

the primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure & quaternary structure

35
Q

what is the primary sequence of proteins?

A

sequence of amino acids (what amino acids there are & in what order)

36
Q

what is the secondary structure of proteins?

A

repeated twisting & folding of the polypeptide chain

37
Q

what is the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

3-dimensional structure where the chain will bend around & form a shape (where they connect is important)

38
Q

what is the quaternary structure of proteins?

A

only used if there are more than one polypeptide chain; this creates more shape, variations in structure lead to different functions

39
Q

why is shape so important in proteins?

A

if a protein unravels or loses its shape it will lose its function

40
Q

what causes proteins to lose shape?

A

change in pH & temperature

41
Q

what is one class of proteins?

A

enzymes

42
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

speed up a lot of bodily chemical reactions in the body; they are catalysts

43
Q

enzymes are _____?

A

specific, efficient & controlled

44
Q

how are enzymes specific?

A

they have specific active sites (ex. lock & key); they will affect one kind of chemical reaction per enzyme

45
Q

how are enzymes efficient?

A

they make reaction 100 million to 10 billion times more rapid

46
Q

how are enzymes controlled?

A

cells can inhibit enzymes or add & subtract cofactors or coenzymes which allows them to function

47
Q

what do nucleic acids contain?

A

huge molecules of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen & phosphorus

48
Q

what are 2 types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA & RNA

49
Q

what does DNA form?

A

our genetic code (genes)

50
Q

what do genes determine?

A

the traits we inherit

51
Q

what is the structure of DNA?

A

a twister ladder (double helix)

52
Q

what are the sides (rungs) of the twisted ladder made of?

A

alternating units of deoxyribose (a pentose sugar) & a phosphate group (of phosphorus & oxygen) containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen

53
Q

what are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA?

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine & guanine

54
Q

what are the specific partners (on the rungs of ladders) of nitrogenous bases?

A

adenine & thymine and cytosine & guanine

55
Q

what is RNA?

A

ribonucleic acid

56
Q

what is DNA?

A

deoxyribose nucleic acids

57
Q

what does RNA do?

A

guides the formation of proteins for cells by using instructions received from DNA (the same directions used for assembling amino acids into proteins)

58
Q

is RNA double stranded or single stranded?

A

single stranded (one side of the ladder)

59
Q

what makes up the side of the ladder in RNA?

A

ribose

60
Q

how is RNA different from DNA?

A

RNA uses the sugar ribose instead deoxyribose, it is single stranded not double stranded & has uracil instead of thymine

61
Q

what does adenine pair with in RNA?

A

uracil

62
Q

does DNA make RNA?

A

yes

63
Q

what is it called when DNA copies itself?

A

replication

64
Q

how does DNA replication happen?

A

unzipping the hydrogen bonds in the middle of the ladder, forming 2 different partial DNA strands of each side of the ladder

65
Q

what is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate

66
Q

what does ATP do?

A

provide energy for cellular activities

67
Q

what is ATP made up of?

A

adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups

68
Q

what happens when ATP is broken down?

A

it releases energy for cells to use

69
Q

what does ATP break down into?

A

adenosine diphosphate + phosphorous + energy

70
Q

what does breaking chemical bonds do?

A

release energy

71
Q

can ATP be created or removed?

A

both, which requires energy

72
Q

what helps to make ATP?

A

the breakdown of glucose

73
Q

what is the breakdown of glucose called?

A

cellular respiration

74
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

making ATP

75
Q

what are the 2 phases of cellular respiration

A

anaerobic respiration & aerobic respiration

75
Q

what are the 2 phases of cellular respiration

A

anaerobic respiration & aerobic respiration

76
Q

where do you find nucleic acids?

A

in the cell nuclei

77
Q

what is the place where nitrogenous bases meet?

A

hydrogen bonds

A&P (2 decks)

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