A&P Exam 2 Flashcards
What do phospholipids make up?
Cell Membranes
What is the difference between a phospholipid and a triglyceride?
triglycerides have 3 fatty acids and phospholipids have 2, with one polar group
Are triglycerides soluble in water?
No
are the phospholipids’ heads and tail hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
the head is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic
what is the backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids?
glycerol
what are the tails of phospholipids made of?
the two non-polar fatty acids
what happens when you put phospholipids into water?
the tails face other tails and the heads point out towards the water
what is the head of a phospholipid?
the charged polar group
what do phospholipids form in a watery environment?
phospholipid bilayer
what forms hydrogen bonds in phospholipids?
when an area of a molecule is attracted to another area of a molecule, but it does not hold molecules together
what makes up most of the structure of cell membranes in phospholipids?
the phospholipid bilayer
what are the different types of lipids?
triglycerides, phospholipids, glycerol, steroids, carotenes, vitamin A, E & K, eicosanoids, lipoproteins
how many fatty acids do glycerol molecules have?
2
what is the head and tail of glycerol molecules?
the head is the polar group & the tail is the 2 non-polar groups
what are different types of steroids?
cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisol, bile salts & vitamin D
how are steroids & triglycerides the same?
they are both non-polar & fat soluble
what are phospholipids soluble to?
water & lipid
what makes one steroid different from another?
there are numerous places where carbon atoms can attach to a steroid, its what & where they attach that makes them different
are steroids fat or water soluble?
fat soluble
what are the 2 principle subclasses of eicosanoids?
prostaglandins & leukotrienes
what happens to excess carbohydrates, proteins & fats?
they get converted into triglycerides & get stored into adipose cells since storage of fat is virtually unlimited
what are the functions of proteins?
they are structural, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transportive & catalytic
what makes proteins structural?
collagen
what makes proteins regulatory?
they regulate physiological processes such as growth, nervous responses & hormones
what makes proteins contractile?
muscles
what is an example of a transportive protein?
hemoglobin
proteins always contain _____ ?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen
what are proteins made up of?
amino acids (there are about 20+)
what determines the sequence of amino acids?
specific proteins
what is the structure of each amino acid?
a central carbon, an amino group, a carboxyl amino group & side chain (R group)
what does the R group do?
makes one amino acid different for another
what are the covalent bonds that joins amino acids in proteins?
peptide bonds (dipeptides, tripeptides & polypeptides)
what is special about proteins?
there is a huge number of possible protein combinations & a protein may have one to several polypeptide chains
what are the levels of organization in proteins?
the primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure & quaternary structure
what is the primary sequence of proteins?
sequence of amino acids (what amino acids there are & in what order)
what is the secondary structure of proteins?
repeated twisting & folding of the polypeptide chain
what is the tertiary structure of proteins?
3-dimensional structure where the chain will bend around & form a shape (where they connect is important)
what is the quaternary structure of proteins?
only used if there are more than one polypeptide chain; this creates more shape, variations in structure lead to different functions
why is shape so important in proteins?
if a protein unravels or loses its shape it will lose its function
what causes proteins to lose shape?
change in pH & temperature
what is one class of proteins?
enzymes
what do enzymes do?
speed up a lot of bodily chemical reactions in the body; they are catalysts
enzymes are _____?
specific, efficient & controlled
how are enzymes specific?
they have specific active sites (ex. lock & key); they will affect one kind of chemical reaction per enzyme
how are enzymes efficient?
they make reaction 100 million to 10 billion times more rapid
how are enzymes controlled?
cells can inhibit enzymes or add & subtract cofactors or coenzymes which allows them to function
what do nucleic acids contain?
huge molecules of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen & phosphorus
what are 2 types of nucleic acids?
DNA & RNA
what does DNA form?
our genetic code (genes)
what do genes determine?
the traits we inherit
what is the structure of DNA?
a twister ladder (double helix)
what are the sides (rungs) of the twisted ladder made of?
alternating units of deoxyribose (a pentose sugar) & a phosphate group (of phosphorus & oxygen) containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen
what are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA?
adenine, thymine, cytosine & guanine
what are the specific partners (on the rungs of ladders) of nitrogenous bases?
adenine & thymine and cytosine & guanine
what is RNA?
ribonucleic acid
what is DNA?
deoxyribose nucleic acids
what does RNA do?
guides the formation of proteins for cells by using instructions received from DNA (the same directions used for assembling amino acids into proteins)
is RNA double stranded or single stranded?
single stranded (one side of the ladder)
what makes up the side of the ladder in RNA?
ribose
how is RNA different from DNA?
RNA uses the sugar ribose instead deoxyribose, it is single stranded not double stranded & has uracil instead of thymine
what does adenine pair with in RNA?
uracil
does DNA make RNA?
yes
what is it called when DNA copies itself?
replication
how does DNA replication happen?
unzipping the hydrogen bonds in the middle of the ladder, forming 2 different partial DNA strands of each side of the ladder
what is ATP?
adenosine triphosphate
what does ATP do?
provide energy for cellular activities
what is ATP made up of?
adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups
what happens when ATP is broken down?
it releases energy for cells to use
what does ATP break down into?
adenosine diphosphate + phosphorous + energy
what does breaking chemical bonds do?
release energy
can ATP be created or removed?
both, which requires energy
what helps to make ATP?
the breakdown of glucose
what is the breakdown of glucose called?
cellular respiration
what is cellular respiration?
making ATP
what are the 2 phases of cellular respiration
anaerobic respiration & aerobic respiration
what are the 2 phases of cellular respiration
anaerobic respiration & aerobic respiration
where do you find nucleic acids?
in the cell nuclei
what is the place where nitrogenous bases meet?
hydrogen bonds
