A&P Exam 1 Study Guide 2 Flashcards
Saturated Fatty Acids
create molecules which can pack closely together at room temperature forming solid at room temperature (ex. animal fats, butter) form of truglycerides
Unsaturated fatty acids
- liquid at room temp. (ex. plant oils)
- Trans fats- modified unsaturated fatty oils that resemble structure of saturated fats and are unhealthy
Simple diffusion
Molecules are able to passively diffuse through membrane
Facilitated diffusion through aquaporins
water molecules use protein channels to move across the cell membrane
ionic compounds
salts (sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron)
organic molecules
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids, contains carbon
inorganic molecules
water, salts, many acids and bases, no carbon
structural proteins
mechanical support, collagen
transport proteins
moving substances, hemoglobin
contractile proteins
movement, actin and myosin
communication proteins
transmitting signals between cells, hormones
chemical work
ATP phosphorylates key reactants, providing energy to drive energy-absorbing chemical reactions
mechanical work
ATP phosphorylates contractile proteins in muscle cells so the cells can contract
transport work
ATP phosphorylates transport proteins, activating them to transport solutes across cell membranes
high heat capacity of water
ability to absorb and release heat with little temperature change (prevents sudden temp. changes)
high heat of vaporization of water
evaporation requires large amounts of heat. useful cooling mechanism. Sweat
polar solvent properties of water
water molecules are polar, water is a solvent and can dissolve and dissociate ionic substances
reactivity of water
It is an important reactant in many chemical reactions (hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis)
cushioning of water
Protects certain organs from physical trauma (Cerebrospinal fluid cushions the brain)
monosaccharides
one single sugar (monomer), pentose sugars (Ribose and deoxyribose), Hexose sugars (glucose)
disaccharrides
two sugar monomers, too large to pass through the cell membrane, sucrose, maltose, and lactose. formed by dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides.
polysaccharides
more than two sugar monomers, starch and glycogen
triglycerides
called fats when solid and oils when liquid, three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule by dehydration synthesis, energy storage, insulation, protection
exocytosis
material is ejected from cell in secretory vesicle
phagocytosis
Pseudopods form and flow around solid particles being englufed
pinocytosis
Plasma membrane surrounds extracellular fluid with dissolved solutes, main way in which nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, kidneys
intracellular vesicular trafficking
move substances from one area or an organelle to another area
If the solute level in a cell increases, what will happen to the cell?
hypertonic, shrink
Describe plasma membrane
flexible outer boundary, selectively permeable, lipid bilayer
Do all three types of rna play a role in protein synthesis?
yes
Primary active transport
ATP, ex sodium potassium pumps
receptor mediated endocytosis
substances bind to specific receptors in the membrane, enxymes, LDLs, iron, insulin, and flic acid, viruses
tight junctions
impermeable junctions, form continuous seals around the cell, prevent molecules from passing between cells, epithelial cells of GI tract
desmosomes
anchoring junctions, bind adjacent cells together like molecular Velcro, help keep cells from tearing apart, skin and heart
pumps that move against the concentration gradient
Na/K pump
proton acceptors
bases, they pick up hydrogen ions in a solution
proton donors
acids, they release hydrogen ions in solution
hydrolysis
monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other
dehydration synthesis
Monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation
phosphorylation of a transport protein
causes change in shape of transport protein
What is the single most abundant protein in the body?
Collagen
