A & P Chapter 13 Flashcards
piece of cartilage that divides the cavity into right and left sides
nasal septum
projections on the lateral walls
- increase surface area
- increase air turbulence from the oral cavity
conchae
separates nasal cavity from the oral cavity
palate
anterior, supported by bone
hard palate
posterior, unsupported, muscle
soft palate
(throat); muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
pharynx
- lighten the skull
- act as resonance chambers for speech
- produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
functions of the sinuses
superior region behind nasal cavity
nasopharynx
middle region behind mouth
oropharynx
inferior region attached to larynx
laryngopharynx
(adenoid); lymphatic tissue located in the nasopharynx
pharyngeal tonsil
located in the oropharynx
palatine tonsil
found at the base of the tongue
lingual tonsil
(voice box); routes air and food into proper channels plays a role in speech
larynx
(adam’s apple); largest of the hyaline cartilages protrudes anteriorly
thyroid cartilage
protects the superior opening of the larynx
epiglottis
(speech); vibrate with expelled air to create sound
vocal folds, true vocal cords
slit like opening between vocal cords
glottis
(windpipe); connects larynx with bronchi
trachea
c-shaped rings, expand when swallow, keep trachea patent open
hyaline cartilage
formed by division of the trachea
main (primary) bronchi
wider, shorter, and straighter than left, more common site for inhaled foreign objects to become lodged
the right main bronchus
space between lungs, houses the heart
mediastinum
near the clavicle (superior)
apex
rests on the diaphragm (inferior)
base
left lung has _ lobes
2
right lung has _ lobes
3
covers the lung surface
pulmonary or visceral pleura
lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
parietal plerua
sit of gas exchange = alveoli only
respiratory zone
the lungs weigh only about _ lbs. and they are _ and _.
2.5, soft, spongy
(dust cells); add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris out of alveoli
alveolar macrophages
(a lipid molecule); coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
surfactant
(breathing); moving air in and out of the lungs
pulmonary ventilation
inhalation, flow of air into lungs
inspiration
exhalation, air leaving lungs
expiration
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
inspiratory muscles
volume within the lung (increases)
intrapulmonary volume
as muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs due to:
- decrease in intrapulmonary volume
- increase in gas pressure
expiration (exhalation)
factors that affect respiratory capacity:
size, sex, age, physical condition
normal breathing moves about _ mL of air with each breath, this is _.
500, Tidal Volume (TV)
respiratory capacities are measured with a _.
spirometer
examples of non-respiratory air movements:
cough & sneeze, crying, laughing. hiccup, yawn
cough & sneeze
clears lungs of debris
crying
emotionally induced mechanism
laughing
similar to crying
hiccup
sudden inspirations
yawn
very deep inspiration
two ways oxygen is transported in blood:
- most O2 travels attached to hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
carbon dioxide is transported in plasma as _.
bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from the brain by _ and _ nerves.
phrenic, intercostal
neural centers that control rate and depth are located in the _ and _.
medulla, pons
sets basic rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker called the self-exciting inspiratory center
medulla
appears to smooth out respiratory rate
pons
normal respiratory rate
- 12-15 respirations per minute
eupnea
increased respiratory rate often due to extra O2 needs
hyperpnea
Non-neural factors influencing respiratory rate and depth
chemical factors, hyperventilation, hypoventilation
CO2 levels, the body’s need to ride itself of CO2 is the most important stimulus
chemical factors
- results from increased CO2 in the blood
- breathing becomes deeper & more rapid
hyperventilation
- results when blood becomes alkaline
- extremely slow or shallow breathing
hypoventilation
exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
features of COPD
- patients almost always have a history of smoking
- labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively more severe
- coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common
- those infected will ultimately develop respiratory failure
alveoli enlarge, chronic inflammation
emphysema
- accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in US
- increased incidence is associated with smoking
lung cancer
a fatty molecule made by alveolar cells
surfactant
surfactant production is inadequate
infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
chronic inflammation hypersensitive bronchiole passages
asthma
over secretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system
cystic fibrosis (CF)
adults have _ -_ respirations per minute
12-20
apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
